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<div id="header">
<h1 class="title">The arabluatex package – README file</h1>
<h2 class="author">Robert Alessi</h2>
</div>
<h1 id="sec:overview" class="unnumbered">Overview</h1>
<p>This package provides for <a href="http://luatex.org">LuaLaTeX</a> an <a href="http://ctan.org/pkg/arabtex">ArabTeX</a>-like interface to generate Arabic writing from an <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">ascii</span> transliteration. It is particularly well-suited for complex documents such as technical documents or critical editions where a lot of left-to-right commands intertwine with Arabic writing. arabluatex is able to process any ArabTeX input notation. Its output can be set in the same modes of vocalization as ArabTeX, or in different roman transliterations. It further allows many typographical refinements. It will eventually interact with some other packages yet to come to produce from <code>.tex</code> source files, in addition to printed books, <code>TEI xml</code> compliant critical editions and/or lexicons that can be searched, analyzed and correlated in various ways.</p>
<h1 id="license-and-disclamer" class="unnumbered">License and disclamer</h1>
<p>ArabLuaTeX – Processing ArabTeX notation under LuaLaTeX</p>
<p>Copyright ⓒ 2016–2018 Robert Alessi</p>
<p>Please send error reports and suggestions for improvements to Robert Alessi:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>email: <a href="mailto:alessi@robertalessi.net">alessi@robertalessi.net</a></p></li>
<li><p>website: <a href="http://www.robertalessi.net/arabluatex" class="uri">http://www.robertalessi.net/arabluatex</a></p></li>
<li><p>comments, feature requests, bug reports: <a href="https://notabug.org/ralessi/arabluatex/issues" class="uri">https://notabug.org/ralessi/arabluatex/issues</a></p></li>
</ul>
<p>This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.</p>
<p>This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see &lt;http://www.gnu.org/licenses/&gt;.</p>
<p>This release of arabluatex consists of the following source files:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>arabluatex.ins</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex.dtx</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_voc.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_fullvoc.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_novoc.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_trans.lua</code></p></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sec:documentation-license" class="unnumbered">License applicable to the documentation</h2>
<p>Copyright ⓒ 2016–2018 Robert Alessi</p>
<p>The documentation file <code>arabluatex.pdf</code> that is generated from the <code>arabluatex.dtx</code> source is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" class="uri">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</a> or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.</p>
<h1 id="sec:installation" class="unnumbered">Installation</h1>
<ol>
<li><p>Run <code>'lualatex arabluatex.ins'</code> to produce the <code>arabluatex.sty</code> file;</p></li>
<li><p>To finish the installation you have to move the following files into a directory where LaTeX can find them. See the FAQ on <code>tex.ac.uk</code> at <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq/FAQ-inst-wlcf.html" class="uri">http://www.tex.ac.uk/faq/FAQ-inst-wlcf.html</a> for more on this:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code>arabluatex.sty</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex-patch.sty</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_voc.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_fullvoc.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_novoc.lua</code></p></li>
<li><p><code>arabluatex_trans.lua</code></p></li>
</ul></li>
<li><p>Additionally, those who use emacs with AUCTeX may copy <code>arabluatex.el</code> to their <code>~/.emacs.d/auctex/auto</code> local directory. This will enable the appropriate hooks for ArabLuaTeX in AUCTeX.</p></li>
</ol>
<h1 id="sec:devel-git-repos">Development, Git Repository</h1>
<h2 id="sec:browse-code" class="unnumbered">Browse the code</h2>
<p>You can browse ArabLuaTeX repository on the web: <a href="http://git.robertalessi.net/arabluatex" class="uri">http://git.robertalessi.net/arabluatex</a></p>
<p>From this page, you can download all the releases of ArabLuaTeX. For instructions on how to install ArabLuaTeX, please see above.</p>
<h2 id="sec:comm-feat-requ" class="unnumbered">Comments, Feature requests, Bug Reports</h2>
<p><a href="https://notabug.org/ralessi/arabluatex/issues" class="uri">https://notabug.org/ralessi/arabluatex/issues</a></p>
<h2 id="sec:download-repository" class="unnumbered">Download the repository</h2>
<p>ArabLuaTeX development is facilitated by git, a distributed version control system. You will need to install git (most GNU/Linux distributions package it in their repositories).</p>
<p>Use this command to download the repository</p>
<pre><code>git clone http://git.robertalessi.net/arabluatex</code></pre>
<p>A new directory named arabluatex will have been created, containing ArabLuaTeX.</p>
<h2 id="sec:git-hosting" class="unnumbered">Git hosting</h2>
<p>Make an account on <a href="https://notabug.org" class="uri">https://notabug.org</a> and navigate (while logged in) to <a href="https://notabug.org/ralessi/arabluatex" class="uri">https://notabug.org/ralessi/arabluatex</a>. Click <em>Fork</em> and you will have in your account your own repository of <code>arabluatex</code> where you will be able to make whatever changes you like to.</p>
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--[[
This file is part of the `arabluatex' package

ArabLuaTeX -- Processing ArabTeX notation under LuaLaTeX
Copyright (C) 2016--2018  Robert Alessi

Please send error reports and suggestions for improvements to Robert
Alessi <alessi@robertalessi.net>

This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program.  If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
--]]

hamzafv = {
   -- next line for ʾiʿrāb hyphen
   {a="(')(%-)([uaiUAI])", b="%1%3"},
   -- next lines for ʾalif alone
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%2ل%3"}, --additional (^n is lunar)
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%3%4"}, --additional (^n is lunar) --p
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%2ل%3%3"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%3ل%4%4"}, --p
   {a="%.A", b="ا"},
   -- hard coded hamza
   {a="|\"'", b="ء"},
   {a="A\"'", b="آ"},
   {a="[au]\"'", b="أ"},
   {a="w\"'", b="ؤ"},
   {a="i\"'", b="إ"},
   {a="y\"'", b="ئ"},
   {a="ؤ([^uaiUAI])", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*)$", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*%s)", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="أ([^uaiUAI])", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*)$", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*%s)", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="ئ([^uaiUAI])", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*)$", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*%s)", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- hamza takes tašdīd too
   {a="''([Uu])", b="ؤؤ%1"},
   {a="''([Aa])", b="أأ%1"},
   {a="''([Ii])", b="ئئ%1"},
   -- inseparable adverbial particle 'a- + 'a
   {a="\'(a)%-\'(a)", b="أ%1اأ%2"},
   -- initial long u and i (for a, see below)
   {a="%'%_U", b="أU"},
   {a="%'%_I", b="إI"},
   -- taḫfīfu 'l-hamza
   {a="'u'([^uaiUAI])", b="أU%1"},
   {a="'i'([^uaiUAI])", b="إI%1"},
   {a="([wf]a)%-\'([^uaiUAIl][^%-])", b="%1أْ%2"},
   {a="^u'([^uaiUAI])", b="اU%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])u'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اU%2"},
   {a="^i'([^uaiUAI])", b="اI%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])i'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اI%2"},
   -- madda (historic writing below)
   {a="'a'([^uaiUAI])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="([^uiyUI])\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   {a="^\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="\'a?A(O[%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY]-O)", b="آ"},
   {a="(%W)\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   {a="(A)(O%'[%S]-O)", b="آ"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?%p*)$", b="aآء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?)(%p*%s)", b="aآء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?%p*)$", b="aآء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?)(%p*%s)", b="aآء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')([iI])", b="aآئ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')(u)", b="aآؤ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')", b="aآء"}, -- historic madda
   -- initial (needs both ^ and %W patterns)
   -- 'aw: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- then the 'initial' rules for the remaining cases
   {a="^(')([ua])", b="أ%2"},
   {a="^(')(i)", b="إ%2"},
   -- consider replacing initial %W with [%s%(%[%<%-]:
   --   {a="(%W)(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   --   {a="(%W)(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   -- final
   -- mi'aT is special orthography (unlike ^say'aN and .zim'aN):
   -- {a="(%^sa%.?[yY])(\"?%|?)(%')(aN)", b="%1%2ئ%4"}, --new
   -- {a="(.zi?m)(%')(aN)", b="%1ئ%3"}, --new
   {a="(mi)(%')(a[Tt])", b="%1ائ%3"},
   {a="(mi)(%')(aN%_?[AY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   -- final hamzah is on the line after a letter of prolongation or a
   -- consonant with sukūn
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"},
-- u
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤ%3%4"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
-- a
   {a="(a)(')(A%p*)$", b="%1آ"},
   {a="(a)(')(A)(%p*%s)", b="%1آ%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(a%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(a)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN%p*)$", b="%1أً"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN)(%p*%s)", b="%1أً%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?%p*)$", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1إ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*)$", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1أْ%3"},
-- i
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ئ%3%4"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ئْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ئْ%3"},
--
   -- middle
   {a="([UIwy])(')", b="%1ء"}, --new
   -- {a="([Iy])(')", b="%1ئ"}, --included in the above line
   {a="([^uai])(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uU])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ئْ%3"}
}

hamzafveasy = { -- differences marked below with 'easy'
   -- next line for ʾiʿrāb hyphen
   {a="(')(%-)([uaiUAI])", b="%1%3"},
   -- next lines for ʾalif alone
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%2ل%3"}, --additional (^n is lunar)
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%3%4"}, --additional (^n is lunar) --p
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%2ل%3%3"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%3ل%4%4"}, --p
   {a="%.A", b="ا"},
   -- hard coded hamza
   {a="|\"'", b="ء"},
   {a="A\"'", b="آ"},
   {a="[au]\"'", b="أ"},
   {a="w\"'", b="ؤ"},
   {a="i\"'", b="إ"},
   {a="y\"'", b="ئ"},
   {a="ؤ([^uaiUAI])", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*)$", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*%s)", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="أ([^uaiUAI])", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*)$", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*%s)", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="ئ([^uaiUAI])", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*)$", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*%s)", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- hamza takes tašdīd too
   {a="''([Uu])", b="ؤؤ%1"},
   {a="''([Aa])", b="أأ%1"},
   {a="''([Ii])", b="ئئ%1"},
   -- inseparable adverbial particle 'a- + 'a
   {a="\'(a)%-\'(a)", b="أ%1اأ%2"},
   -- initial long u and i (for a, see below)
   {a="%'%_U", b="أU"},
   {a="%'%_I", b="إI"},
   -- taḫfīfu 'l-hamza
   {a="'u'([^uaiUAI])", b="أU%1"},
   {a="'i'([^uaiUAI])", b="إI%1"},
   {a="([wf]a)%-\'([^uaiUAIl][^%-])", b="%1أْ%2"},
   {a="^u'([^uaiUAI])", b="اU%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])u'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اU%2"},
   {a="^i'([^uaiUAI])", b="اI%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])i'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اI%2"},
   -- madda (historic writing below)
   {a="'a'([^uaiUAI])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="([^uiyUI])\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   {a="^\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="\'a?A(O[%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY]-O)", b="آ"},
   {a="(%W)\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   --easy (begin)
   {a="(A)(O%'[%S]-O)", b="ا"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?%p*)$", b="aاء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?)(%p*%s)", b="aاء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?%p*)$", b="aاء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?)(%p*%s)", b="aاء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')([iI])", b="aائ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')(u)", b="aاؤ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')", b="aاء"}, -- historic madda
   --easy (end)
   -- initial (needs both ^ and %W patterns)
   -- 'aw: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- then the 'initial' rules for the remaining cases
   {a="^(')([ua])", b="أ%2"},
   {a="^(')(i)", b="إ%2"},
   -- consider replacing initial %W with [%s%(%[%<%-]:
   --   {a="(%W)(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   --   {a="(%W)(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   -- final
   -- mi'aT is special orthography (unlike ^say'aN and .zim'aN)
   -- {a="(%^sa%.?[yY])(\"?%|?)(%')(aN)", b="%1%2ئ%4"}, --new
   -- {a="(.zi?m)(%')(aN)", b="%1ئ%3"}, --new
   {a="(mi)(%')(a[Tt])", b="%1ائ%3"},
   {a="(mi)(%')(aN%_?[AY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   -- easy (begin)
   -- The Munjid says that such words as radI'aN do not have the
   -- hamzah alone on the line, so take out the following two lines
   -- (final hamzah is on the line after a letter of prolongation or a
   -- consonant with sukūn)
   -- {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   -- {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"},
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?aN)(%p*)$", b="%1ئ%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?aN)(%p*%s)", b="%1ئ%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?a)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?a)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?[ui]N?)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?[ui]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   --easy (end)
-- u
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤ%3%4"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
-- a
   {a="(a)(')(A%p*)$", b="%1آ"},
   {a="(a)(')(A)(%p*%s)", b="%1آ%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(a%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(a)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN%p*)$", b="%1أً"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN)(%p*%s)", b="%1أً%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?%p*)$", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1إ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*)$", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1أْ%3"},
-- i
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ئ%3%4"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ئْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ئْ%3"},
--
   -- middle
   {a="([Uw])(')", b="%1ء"}, --new
   {a="([Iy])(')", b="%1ئ"}, --easy
   {a="([^uai])(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uU])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ئْ%3"}
}

tanwinfv = { -- with assimilations (\SetArbDflt*)
   -- assimilations (begin)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%4%4"},
   {a="(%-?[uai]NU)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(uNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(iNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?uNU", b="ٌو"},
   {a="%-?aNU", b="ًوا"},
   {a="%-?iNU", b="ٍو"},
   {a="%-?([uai]N)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aN[%_]?[AY])(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   -- assimilations (begin)
   {a="%-?(uN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٌ%2%3%3"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
   {a="(T)%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ً%3%4%4"},
--   {a="(ء)%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%4%4"}, --new
   {a="([^TA])%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ًا%3%4%4"},
   {a="%-?(iNI?)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٍ%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- quoted tanwīn (begin)
   {a="%-?(\"uN)", b=""},
   {a="(B)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(_A)", b="ى"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(Y)", b="ى"},
   {a="(T)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1%2"}, --new
   {a="([^TA])%-?(\"aN)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="%-?(\"iNI?)", b=""},
   -- quoted tanwīn (end)
   {a="%-?(uN)", b="ٌ"},
   {a="(B)%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   -- needed by \arbcolor:
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-%_AO)", b="ً"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-YO)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-TO)%-?(aN)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)([اآ])(ء)(O)%-?(aN)", b="ً"}, --new
   {a="(O[%S]-[^TA]O)%-?(aN)", b="ًا"},
   --
   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)", b="ًى"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)", b="ًى"},
   {a="(T)%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(aN)", b="%1%2ً"}, --new
   {a="([^TA])%-?(aN)", b="%1ًا"},
   {a="%-?(iNI?)", b="ٍ"}
}

tanwinfveasy = { -- no assimilations (see below)
   -- assimilations (begin)
--easy   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%4%4"},
--easy   {a="(%-?[uai]NU)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(uNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(iNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?uNU", b="ٌو"},
   {a="%-?aNU", b="ًوا"},
   {a="%-?iNU", b="ٍو"},
   {a="%-?([uai]N)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aN[%_]?[AY])(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   -- assimilations (begin)
--easy   {a="%-?(uN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٌ%2%3%3"},
--easy   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
--easy   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
--easy   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="(T)%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ً%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="(ء)%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%4%4"}, --new
--easy   {a="([^TA])%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ًا%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="%-?(iNI?)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٍ%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- quoted tanwīn (begin)
   {a="%-?(\"uN)", b=""},
   {a="(B)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(_A)", b="ى"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(Y)", b="ى"},
   {a="(T)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1%2"}, --new
   {a="([^TA])%-?(\"aN)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="%-?(\"iNI?)", b=""},
   -- quoted tanwīn (end)
   {a="%-?(uN)", b="ٌ"},
   {a="(B)%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   -- needed by \arbcolor:
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-%_AO)", b="ً"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-YO)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-TO)%-?(aN)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)([اآ])(ء)(O)%-?(aN)", b="ً"}, --new
   {a="(O[%S]-[^TA]O)%-?(aN)", b="ًا"},
   --
   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)", b="ًى"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)", b="ًى"},
   {a="(T)%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(aN)", b="%1%2ً"}, --new
   {a="([^TA])%-?(aN)", b="%1ًا"},
   {a="%-?(iNI?)", b="ٍ"}
}

trigraphsfv = { -- trigraphs or more
   -- ʾalif al-waṣl: put it back on with \arbnull
   {a="(O[%S]-)([%'a]l%-)(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- 'llatI / 'llad_I
   {a="^'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="ٱلّ%1%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="%1ٱلّ%2%3"}, --p
   -- law: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- al- + lām
   {a="^(a)l%-(l)", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(l)", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- al- + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- assim. art. + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)(%^n)%-", b="ا%1ل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)(%^n)%-", b="%1ا%2ل"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ا%1ل%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, --p
   -- al- + initial unstable hamza
   {a="^(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ا%1ل%2ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2ل%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- li-/la + art. + initial unstable hamza is a special orthography
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ل%1ل%2ٱ"},
   -- al- + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="^(a)l%-", b="ا%1لْ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-", b="%1ا%2لْ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(ay)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="awuا%2%3"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1u%2%3"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + lām
   {a="'l%-(l)", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="'l%-(%^n)", b="ٱل%1"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + lām
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(l)", b="ل%1%2%2"},
   -- assim. art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="'(%^n)%-", b="ٱل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ٱل%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%2%2"},
   -- li-/la- + assim. art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-(%^n)%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%3%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + initial unstable hamza
   {a="'l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ٱل%1ٱ"},
   -- art. with waṣla + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="'l%-", b="ٱلْ"},
   -- the silent wāw
   {a="uU(%p*)$", b="uو%1"},
   {a="uU(%p*%s)", b="uو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*)$", b="aو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*%s)", b="aو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*)$", b="iو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*%s)", b="iو%1"},
   -- words ending in -āT with silent wāw/yāʾ
   {a="(_a)UA", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(_a)U", b="%1و"},
   {a="(_a)I", b="%1ي"}
}

-- idgham/assimilation rules for trigraphs apply here : see voc lua
-- file.

trigraphsfveasy = { -- trigraphs or more (see 'easy' tag below for the diffs)
   -- ʾalif al-waṣl: put it back on with \arbnull
   {a="(O[%S]-)([%'a]l%-)(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- 'llatI / 'llad_I
   {a="^'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="ٱلّ%1%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="%1ٱلّ%2%3"}, --p
   -- law: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- al- + lām
   {a="^(a)l%-(l)", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(l)", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- al- + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- assim. art. + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)(%^n)%-", b="ا%1ل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)(%^n)%-", b="%1ا%2ل"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ا%1ل%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, --p
   -- al- + initial unstable hamza
   {a="^(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ا%1ل%2ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2ل%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- li-/la + art. + initial unstable hamza is a special orthography
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ل%1ل%2ٱ"},
   -- al- + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="^(a)l%-", b="ا%1لْ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-", b="%1ا%2لْ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(ay)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="awuا%2%3"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1u%2%3"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + lām
   {a="'l%-(l)", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="'l%-(%^n)", b="ٱل%1"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + lām
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(l)", b="ل%1%2%2"},
   -- assim. art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are is an additional characters)
   {a="'(%^n)%-", b="ٱل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ٱل%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%2%2"},
   -- li-/la- + assim. art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-(%^n)%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%3%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + initial unstable hamza
   {a="'l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ٱل%1ٱ"},   
   -- art. with waṣla + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="'l%-", b="ٱلْ"},
   -- the silent wāw
   {a="uU(%p*)$", b="uو%1"},
   {a="uU(%p*%s)", b="uو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*)$", b="aو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*%s)", b="aو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*)$", b="iو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*%s)", b="iو%1"},
   -- words ending in -āT with silent wāw/yāʾ
   {a="(_a)UA", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(_a)U", b="%1و"},
   {a="(_a)I", b="%1ي"}
}

digraphsfvidgham = {
   -- ʾiʿrāb: straight double quote must be discarded
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   -- ʾiʿrāb (end)
   -- initial straight double quote gives a connective ʾalif
   {a="^\"[uai]", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])\"[uai]", b="%1ٱ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="awuا%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(aw)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1u%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(ay)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- hyphen + initial alif without hamza
   --   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ٱ"},
   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])([%^%_%.%`]?)([%aأإؤئ])", b="%1ٱ%3%4"},
   -- initial alif without hamza (next 4 lines)
   {a="(O[%S]-)([uaiUAIY])(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%_]?[uaiUAIY])(%s[%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"}, --p
   {a="^([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2"}, --p
   {a="(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ا%3"}, --p
   {a="%-%-", b="ـ"},
   {a="ؤؤ", b="ؤّ"},
   {a="أأ", b="أّ"},
   {a="ئئ", b="ئّ"},
   {a="bb", b="بّ"},
   {a="BB", b="ـّ"},
   {a="([%_%^%.])([tghdsz])([tghdsz])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   -- same as above for additional characters:
   {a="([%_%^%.])([cn])([cn])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   {a="tt", b="تّ"},
   {a="%_t%_t", b="ثّ"},
   {a="jj", b="جّ"},
   {a="%^g%^g", b="جّ"},
   {a="%.h%.h", b="حّ"},
   {a="xx", b="خّ"},
   {a="%_h%_h", b="خّ"},
   {a="dd", b="دّ"},
   {a="%_d%_d", b="ذّ"},
   {a="rr", b="رّ"},
   {a="zz", b="زّ"},
   {a="ss", b="سّ"},
   {a="%^s%^s", b="شّ"},
   {a="%.s%.s", b="صّ"},
   {a="%.d%.d", b="ضّ"},
   {a="%.t%.t", b="طّ"},
   {a="%.z%.z", b="ظّ"},
   {a="%`%`", b="عّ"},
   {a="%.g%.g", b="غّ"},
   {a="ff", b="فّ"},
   {a="qq", b="قّ"},
   {a="kk", b="كّ"},
   {a="ll", b="لّ"},
   {a="mm", b="مّ"},
   {a="nn", b="نّ"},
   {a="hh", b="هّ"},
   {a="ww", b="وّ"},
   {a="yy", b="يّ"},
   {a="%.y%.y", b="ىّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (begin)
   {a="pp", b="پّ"},
   {a="vv", b="ڤّ"},
   {a="gg", b="گّ"},
   {a="%^c%^c", b="چّ"},
   {a="%^z%^z", b="ژّ"},
   {a="%^n%^n", b="ڭّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (end)
   -- sukūn begin
   -- first, take out hyphen if any (next two lines):
   {a="([ai]Y)%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*)$", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*%s)", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([ai]Y)([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   -- take out sukūn in cases of assimilation
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ر)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(و)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ي)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ل)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(م)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ن)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="ْ\"", b="\""},
   -- sukūn end
   {a="_t", b="ث"},
   {a="%^g", b="ج"},
   {a="%.h", b="ح"},
   {a="_h", b="خ"},
   {a="_d", b="ذ"},
   {a="%^s", b="ش"},
   {a="%.s", b="ص"},
   {a="%.d", b="ض"},
   {a="%.t", b="ط"},
   {a="%.z", b="ظ"},
   {a="%.g", b="غ"},
   {a="%.y", b="ى"},
   -- additional characters (begin)
   {a="%^c", b="چ"},
   {a="%^z", b="ژ"},
   {a="%^n", b="ڭ"},
   -- additional characters (end)
   {a="(U)(A)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="WA", b="وْا"},
   {a="(a)W\"", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(a)W", b="%1وْا"},
   {a="_A", b="aى"},
   {a="_u", b="ٗ"},
   {a="_a", b="ٰ"},
   {a="_i", b="ٖ"},
   {a="%.b", b="ٮ"},
   {a="%.f", b="ڡ"},
   {a="%.q", b="ٯ"},
   {a="%.k", b="ک"},
   {a="%.n", b="ں"},
   {a="%^d", b="ڊ"}
}

digraphsfv = {
   -- iʿrāb: straight double quote must be discarded
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   -- ʾiʿrāb (end)
   -- initial straight double quote gives a connective ʾalif
   {a="^\"[uai]", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])\"[uai]", b="%1ٱ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="awuا%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(aw)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1u%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(ay)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- hyphen + initial alif without hamza
   --   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ٱ"},
   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])([%^%_%.%`]?)([%aأإؤئ])", b="%1ٱ%3%4"},
   -- initial alif without hamza (next 4 lines)
   {a="(O[%S]-)([uaiUAIY])(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%_]?[uaiUAIY])(%s[%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"}, --p
   {a="^([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2"}, --p
   {a="(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ا%3"}, --p
   {a="%-%-", b="ـ"},
   {a="ؤؤ", b="ؤّ"},
   {a="أأ", b="أّ"},
   {a="ئئ", b="ئّ"},
   {a="bb", b="بّ"},
   {a="BB", b="ـّ"},
   {a="([%_%^%.])([tghdsz])([tghdsz])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   -- same as above for additional characters:
   {a="([%_%^%.])([cn])([cn])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   {a="tt", b="تّ"},
   {a="%_t%_t", b="ثّ"},
   {a="jj", b="جّ"},
   {a="%^g%^g", b="جّ"},
   {a="%.h%.h", b="حّ"},
   {a="xx", b="خّ"},
   {a="%_h%_h", b="خّ"},
   {a="dd", b="دّ"},
   {a="%_d%_d", b="ذّ"},
   {a="rr", b="رّ"},
   {a="zz", b="زّ"},
   {a="ss", b="سّ"},
   {a="%^s%^s", b="شّ"},
   {a="%.s%.s", b="صّ"},
   {a="%.d%.d", b="ضّ"},
   {a="%.t%.t", b="طّ"},
   {a="%.z%.z", b="ظّ"},
   {a="%`%`", b="عّ"},
   {a="%.g%.g", b="غّ"},
   {a="ff", b="فّ"},
   {a="qq", b="قّ"},
   {a="kk", b="كّ"},
   {a="ll", b="لّ"},
   {a="mm", b="مّ"},
   {a="nn", b="نّ"},
   {a="hh", b="هّ"},
   {a="ww", b="وّ"},
   {a="yy", b="يّ"},
   {a="%.y%.y", b="ىّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (begin)
   {a="pp", b="پّ"},
   {a="vv", b="ڤّ"},
   {a="gg", b="گّ"},