--[[
This file is part of the `arabluatex' package

ArabLuaTeX -- Processing ArabTeX notation under LuaLaTeX
Copyright (C) 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
Robert Alessi <alessi@robertalessi.net>

Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

Please send error reports and suggestions for improvements to Robert
Alessi <alessi@robertalessi.net>
--]]

hamzafv = {
   -- next line for ʾiʿrāb hyphen
   {a="(')(%-)([uaiUAI])", b="%1%3"},
   -- next lines for ʾalif alone
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%2ل%3"}, --additional (^n is lunar)
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%3%4"}, --additional (^n is lunar) --p
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%2ل%3%3"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%3ل%4%4"}, --p
   {a="%.A", b="ا"},
   -- hard coded hamza
   {a="|\"'", b="ء"},
   {a="A\"'", b="آ"},
   {a="[au]\"'", b="أ"},
   {a="w\"'", b="ؤ"},
   {a="i\"'", b="إ"},
   {a="y\"'", b="ئ"},
   -- moved below (end of 'final' section)
   {a="ؤ([^uaiUAI])", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*)$", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*%s)", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="أ([^uaiUAI])", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*)$", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*%s)", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="ئ([^uaiUAI])", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*)$", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*%s)", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ء([^uaiUAI])", b="ءْ%1"},
   {a="ء(%p*)$", b="ءْ%1"},
   {a="ء(%p*%s)", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- hamza takes tašdīd too
   {a="''([Uu])", b="ؤؤ%1"},
   {a="''([Aa])", b="أأ%1"},
   {a="''([Ii])", b="ئئ%1"},
   -- inseparable adverbial particle 'a- + 'a
   {a="\'(a)%-\'(a)", b="أ%1اأ%2"},
   -- initial long u and i (for a, see below)
   {a="%'%_U", b="أU"},
   {a="%'%_I", b="إI"},
   -- taḫfīfu 'l-hamza
   {a="'u'([^uaiUAI])", b="أU%1"},
   {a="'i'([^uaiUAI])", b="إI%1"},
   {a="([wf]a)%-\'([^uaiUAIl][^%-])", b="%1أْ%2"},
   {a="^u'([^uaiUAI])", b="اU%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])u'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اU%2"},
   {a="^i'([^uaiUAI])", b="اI%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])i'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اI%2"},
   -- madda (historic writing below)
   {a="'a'([^uaiUAI])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="([^uiyUI])\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   {a="^\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="\'a?A(O[%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY]-O)", b="آ"},
   {a="(%W)\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   {a="(A)(O%'[%S]-O)", b="آ"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?%p*)$", b="aآء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?)(%p*%s)", b="aآء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?%p*)$", b="aآء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?)(%p*%s)", b="aآء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')([iI])", b="aآئ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')(u)", b="aآؤ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')", b="aآء"}, -- historic madda
   -- initial (needs both ^ and %W patterns)
   -- 'aw: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- then the 'initial' rules for the remaining cases
   {a="^(')([ua])", b="أ%2"},
   {a="^(')(i)", b="إ%2"},
   -- consider replacing initial %W with [%s%(%[%<%-]:
   --   {a="(%W)(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   --   {a="(%W)(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   -- final
   -- mi'aT is special orthography (unlike ^say'aN and .zim'aN):
   -- {a="(%^sa%.?[yY])(\"?%|?)(%')(aN)", b="%1%2ئ%4"}, --new
   -- {a="(.zi?m)(%')(aN)", b="%1ئ%3"}, --new
   {a="(mi)(%')(a[TtH])", b="%1ائ%3"},
   {a="(mi)(%')(aN%_?[AY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   -- final hamzah is on the line after a letter of prolongation or a
   -- consonant with sukūn
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"},
-- u
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤ%3%4"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
-- a
   {a="(a)(')(A%p*)$", b="%1آ"},
   {a="(a)(')(A)(%p*%s)", b="%1آ%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(a%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(a)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN%p*)$", b="%1أً"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN)(%p*%s)", b="%1أً%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?%p*)$", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1إ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*)$", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1أْ%3"},
-- i
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ئ%3%4"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ئْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ئْ%3"},
-- the following was wrong for it broke the taḫfīfu 'l-hamzati
-- (look into this later):
-- moved here from above:
   -- {a="ؤ([^uaiUAI])", b="ؤْ%1"},
   -- {a="ؤ(%p*)$", b="ؤْ%1"},
   -- {a="ؤ(%p*%s)", b="ؤْ%1"},
   -- {a="أ([^uaiUAI])", b="أْ%1"},
   -- {a="أ(%p*)$", b="أْ%1"},
   -- {a="أ(%p*%s)", b="أْ%1"},
   -- {a="ئ([^uaiUAI])", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- {a="ئ(%p*)$", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- {a="ئ(%p*%s)", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- {a="ء([^uaiUAI])", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- {a="ء(%p*)$", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- {a="ء(%p*%s)", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- middle
   {a="([UIwy])(')", b="%1ء"}, --new
   -- {a="([Iy])(')", b="%1ئ"}, --included in the above line
   -- hamza is alone after letters of prolongation or sukūn
   -- {a="([^uai])(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   -- {a="([^uai])(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   -- {a="([^uai])(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')(%_?[uaiUAYI])", b="%1ء%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([UI])", b="%1ء%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([u])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([i])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([UI])", b="%1ء%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([u])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([i])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ئْ%3"}
}

hamzafveasy = { -- differences marked below with 'easy'
   -- next line for ʾiʿrāb hyphen
   {a="(')(%-)([uaiUAI])", b="%1%3"},
   -- next lines for ʾalif alone
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%2ل%3"}, --additional (^n is lunar)
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%3%4"}, --additional (^n is lunar) --p
   {a="(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%2ل%3%3"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(%.A)([uai]?)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%3ل%4%4"}, --p
   {a="%.A", b="ا"},
   -- hard coded hamza
   {a="|\"'", b="ء"},
   {a="A\"'", b="آ"},
   {a="[au]\"'", b="أ"},
   {a="w\"'", b="ؤ"},
   {a="i\"'", b="إ"},
   {a="y\"'", b="ئ"},
   -- moved below (end of 'final' section)
   {a="ؤ([^uaiUAI])", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*)$", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="ؤ(%p*%s)", b="ؤْ%1"},
   {a="أ([^uaiUAI])", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*)$", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="أ(%p*%s)", b="أْ%1"},
   {a="ئ([^uaiUAI])", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*)$", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ئ(%p*%s)", b="ئْ%1"},
   {a="ء([^uaiUAI])", b="ءْ%1"},
   {a="ء(%p*)$", b="ءْ%1"},
   {a="ء(%p*%s)", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- hamza takes tašdīd too
   {a="''([Uu])", b="ؤؤ%1"},
   {a="''([Aa])", b="أأ%1"},
   {a="''([Ii])", b="ئئ%1"},
   -- inseparable adverbial particle 'a- + 'a
   {a="\'(a)%-\'(a)", b="أ%1اأ%2"},
   -- initial long u and i (for a, see below)
   {a="%'%_U", b="أU"},
   {a="%'%_I", b="إI"},
   -- taḫfīfu 'l-hamza
   {a="'u'([^uaiUAI])", b="أU%1"},
   {a="'i'([^uaiUAI])", b="إI%1"},
   {a="([wf]a)%-\'([^uaiUAIl][^%-])", b="%1أْ%2"},
   {a="^u'([^uaiUAI])", b="اU%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])u'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اU%2"},
   {a="^i'([^uaiUAI])", b="اI%1"},
   {a="([^uaiUAIYN][%s%(%[%<])i'([^uaiUAI])", b="%1اI%2"},
   -- madda (historic writing below)
   {a="'a'([^uaiUAI])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="([^uiyUI])\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   {a="^\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="آ%1"},
   {a="\'a?A(O[%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY]-O)", b="آ"},
   {a="(%W)\'a?A([%_%^%.]?[%`%'btjghxdrzsfqklmnywAY])", b="%1آ%2"},
   --easy (begin)
   {a="(A)(O%'[%S]-O)", b="ا"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?%p*)$", b="aاء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(uN?)(%p*%s)", b="aاء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?%p*)$", b="aاء%3"},
   {a="(A)(')(iN?)(%p*%s)", b="aاء%3%4"},
   {a="(A)(')([iI])", b="aائ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')(u)", b="aاؤ%3"}, -- historic madda
   {a="(A)(')", b="aاء"}, -- historic madda
   --easy (end)
   -- initial (needs both ^ and %W patterns)
   -- 'aw: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(O)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)('aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- then the 'initial' rules for the remaining cases
   {a="^(')([ua])", b="أ%2"},
   {a="^(')(i)", b="إ%2"},
   -- consider replacing initial %W with [%s%(%[%<%-]:
   --   {a="(%W)(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   --   {a="(%W)(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')([ua])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([%s%(%[%<%-])(')(i)", b="%1إ%3"},
   -- final
   -- mi'aT is special orthography (unlike ^say'aN and .zim'aN)
   -- {a="(%^sa%.?[yY])(\"?%|?)(%')(aN)", b="%1%2ئ%4"}, --new
   -- {a="(.zi?m)(%')(aN)", b="%1ئ%3"}, --new
   {a="(mi)(%')(a[TtH])", b="%1ائ%3"},
   {a="(mi)(%')(aN%_?[AY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   -- easy (begin)
   -- The Munjid says that such words as radI'aN do not have the
   -- hamzah alone on the line, so take out the following two lines
   -- (final hamzah is on the line after a letter of prolongation or a
   -- consonant with sukūn)
   -- {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   -- {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?[uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"},
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?aN)(%p*)$", b="%1ئ%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^Auai])(')(\"?aN)(%p*%s)", b="%1ئ%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?a)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?a)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?[ui]N?)(%p*)$", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   {a="([^uai])(')(\"?[ui]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ء%3%4"}, --new
   --easy (end)
-- u
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤ%3%4"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
-- a
   {a="(a)(')(A%p*)$", b="%1آ"},
   {a="(a)(')(A)(%p*%s)", b="%1آ%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([u]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(a%p*)$", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(a)(%p*%s)", b="%1أ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN%p*)$", b="%1أً"},
   {a="(a)(')(aN)(%p*%s)", b="%1أً%4"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?%p*)$", b="%1إ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([i]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1إ%3%4"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*)$", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1أْ%3"},
-- i
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?%p*)$", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uai]N?)(%p*%s)", b="%1ئ%3%4"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*)$", b="%1ئْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%p*%s)", b="%1ئْ%3"},
-- the following was wrong for it broke the taḫfīfu 'l-hamzati
-- (look into this later):
-- moved here from above:
   -- {a="ؤ([^uaiUAI])", b="ؤْ%1"},
   -- {a="ؤ(%p*)$", b="ؤْ%1"},
   -- {a="ؤ(%p*%s)", b="ؤْ%1"},
   -- {a="أ([^uaiUAI])", b="أْ%1"},
   -- {a="أ(%p*)$", b="أْ%1"},
   -- {a="أ(%p*%s)", b="أْ%1"},
   -- {a="ئ([^uaiUAI])", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- {a="ئ(%p*)$", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- {a="ئ(%p*%s)", b="ئْ%1"},
   -- {a="ء([^uaiUAI])", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- {a="ء(%p*)$", b="ءْ%1"},
   -- {a="ء(%p*%s)", b="ءْ%1"},
--
   -- middle
   {a="([Uw])(')", b="%1ء"}, --new
   {a="([Iy])(')", b="%1ئ"}, --easy
   {a="([^uai])(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="([^uai])(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1أ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([uU])", b="%1ؤ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')(%_?[aAY])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([uU])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([iI])", b="%1ئ%3"},
   {a="(a)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1أْ%3"},
   {a="(u)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ؤْ%3"},
   {a="(i)(')([^uaiUAI])", b="%1ئْ%3"}
}

tanwinfv = { -- with assimilations (\SetArbDflt*)
   -- assimilations (begin)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%4%4"},
   {a="(%-?[uai]NU)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(uNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(iNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?uNU", b="ٌو"},
   {a="%-?aNU", b="ًوا"},
   {a="%-?iNU", b="ٍو"},
   {a="%-?([uai]N)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aN[%_]?[AY])(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   -- assimilations (begin)
   {a="%-?(uN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٌ%2%3%3"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
   {a="([TH])%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ً%3%4%4"},
--   {a="(ء)%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%4%4"}, --new
   {a="([^TAH])%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ًا%3%4%4"},
   {a="%-?(iNI?)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٍ%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- quoted tanwīn (begin)
   {a="%-?(\"uN)", b=""},
   {a="(B)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(_A)", b="ى"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(Y)", b="ى"},
   {a="([TH])%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1%2"}, --new
   {a="([^TAH])%-?(\"aN)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="%-?(\"iNI?)", b=""},
   -- quoted tanwīn (end)
   {a="%-?(uN)", b="ٌ"},
   {a="(B)%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   -- needed by \arbcolor:
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-%_AO)", b="ً"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-YO)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-[TH]O)%-?(aN)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)([اآ])(ء)(O)%-?(aN)", b="ً"}, --new
   {a="(O[%S]-[^TAH]O)%-?(aN)", b="ًا"},
   --
   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)", b="ًى"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)", b="ًى"},
   {a="([TH])%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(aN)", b="%1%2ً"}, --new
   {a="([^TAH])%-?(aN)", b="%1ًا"},
   {a="%-?(iNI?)", b="ٍ"}
}

tanwinfveasy = { -- no assimilations (see below)
   -- assimilations (begin)
--easy   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%4%4"},
--easy   {a="(%-?[uai]NU)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?[uai]N[UI]?)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(uNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(iNU)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?uNU", b="ٌو"},
   {a="%-?aNU", b="ًوا"},
   {a="%-?iNU", b="ٍو"},
   {a="%-?([uai]N)(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   {a="%-?(aN[%_]?[AY])(%s)([uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"},
   -- assimilations (begin)
--easy   {a="%-?(uN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٌ%2%3%3"},
--easy   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
--easy   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([rlmnwy])", b="%5%5"},
--easy   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ًى%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="([TH])%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ً%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="(ء)%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1%2%3%4%4"}, --new
--easy   {a="([^TAH])%-?(aN)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="%1ًا%3%4%4"},
--easy   {a="%-?(iNI?)(%s)([rlmnwy])", b="ٍ%2%3%3"},
   -- assimilations (end)
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(_A)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)(%-?aN)(Y)(O)([uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- quoted tanwīn (begin)
   {a="%-?(\"uN)", b=""},
   {a="(B)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(_A)", b="ى"},
   {a="%-?(\"aN)(Y)", b="ى"},
   {a="([TH])%-?(\"aN)", b="%1"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(\"aN)", b="%1%2"}, --new
   {a="([^TAH])%-?(\"aN)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="%-?(\"iNI?)", b=""},
   -- quoted tanwīn (end)
   {a="%-?(uN)", b="ٌ"},
   {a="(B)%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   -- needed by \arbcolor:
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-%_AO)", b="ً"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(O[%S]-YO)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-[TH]O)%-?(aN)", b="ً"},
   {a="(O[%S]-)([اآ])(ء)(O)%-?(aN)", b="ً"}, --new
   {a="(O[%S]-[^TAH]O)%-?(aN)", b="ًا"},
   --
   {a="%-?(aN)(_A)", b="ًى"},
   {a="%-?(aN)(Y)", b="ًى"},
   {a="([TH])%-?(aN)", b="%1ً"},
   {a="([اآ])(ء)%-?(aN)", b="%1%2ً"}, --new
   {a="([^TAH])%-?(aN)", b="%1ًا"},
   {a="%-?(iNI?)", b="ٍ"}
}

trigraphsfv = { -- trigraphs or more
   -- ʾalif al-waṣl: put it back on with \arbnull
   {a="(O[%S]-)([%'a]l%-)(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- 'llatI / 'llad_I
   {a="^'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="ٱلّ%1%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="%1ٱلّ%2%3"}, --p
   -- law: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- al- + lām
   {a="^(a)l%-(l)", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(l)", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- al- + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- assim. art. + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)(%^n)%-", b="ا%1ل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)(%^n)%-", b="%1ا%2ل"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ا%1ل%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, --p
   -- al- + initial unstable hamza
   {a="^(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ا%1ل%2ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2ل%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- li-/la + art. + initial unstable hamza is a special orthography
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ل%1ل%2ٱ"},
   -- al- + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="^(a)l%-", b="ا%1لْ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-", b="%1ا%2لْ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(ay)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="awuا%2%3"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1u%2%3"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + lām
   {a="'l%-(l)", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="'l%-(%^n)", b="ٱل%1"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + lām
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(l)", b="ل%1%2%2"},
   -- assim. art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="'(%^n)%-", b="ٱل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ٱل%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%2%2"},
   -- li-/la- + assim. art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-(%^n)%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%3%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + initial unstable hamza
   {a="'l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ٱل%1ٱ"},
   -- art. with waṣla + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="'l%-", b="ٱلْ"},
   -- the silent wāw
   {a="uU(%p*)$", b="uو%1"},
   {a="uU(%p*%s)", b="uو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*)$", b="aو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*%s)", b="aو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*)$", b="iو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*%s)", b="iو%1"},
   -- words ending in -āT with silent wāw/yāʾ
   {a="(_a)UA", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(_a)U", b="%1و"},
   {a="(_a)I", b="%1ي"}
}

-- idgham/assimilation rules for trigraphs apply here : see voc lua
-- file.

trigraphsfveasy = { -- trigraphs or more (see 'easy' tag below for the diffs)
   -- ʾalif al-waṣl: put it back on with \arbnull
   {a="(O[%S]-)([%'a]l%-)(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   -- 'llatI / 'llad_I
   {a="^'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="ٱلّ%1%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])'ll(a)([%_]?[dt])", b="%1ٱلّ%2%3"}, --p
   -- law: the diphthong is to be resolved into 'awi' (next 8 lines)
   {a="^(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1%2i"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   {a="^(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3"},
   {a="(%W)(law)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?\"?[uai])", b="%1%2i%3%4"},
   -- al- + lām
   {a="^(a)l%-(l)", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(l)", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- al- + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)l%-(%^n)", b="ا%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(%^n)", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ا%1ل%2%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="%1ا%2ل%3%3"}, --p
   -- assim. art. + solar consonant ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="^(a)(%^n)%-", b="ا%1ل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)(%^n)%-", b="%1ا%2ل"}, -- ^n is lunar --p
   {a="^(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ا%1ل%2"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="%1ا%2ل%3"}, --p
   -- al- + initial unstable hamza
   {a="^(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ا%1ل%2ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2ل%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- li-/la + art. + initial unstable hamza is a special orthography
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ل%1ل%2ٱ"},
   -- al- + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="^(a)l%-", b="ا%1لْ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-O])(a)l%-", b="%1ا%2لْ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aw)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(ay)(O)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="awuا%2%3"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1u%2%3"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)(['][%_%^%.]?[l'btjghxdrzs`fqkmnwy]%-)", b="%1i%2%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + lām
   {a="'l%-(l)", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="'l%-(%^n)", b="ٱل%1"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ٱل%1%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + lām
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(l)", b="ل%1%2%2"},
   -- assim. art. with waṣla + solar consonant
   -- ('c' and '^n' are is an additional characters)
   {a="'(%^n)%-", b="ٱل"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="'([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-", b="ٱل%1"},
   -- li-/la- + art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c' and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%2"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-l%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%2%2"},
   -- li-/la- + assim. art. + solar consonant is a special orthography
   -- ('c and '^n' are additional characters)
   {a="l([ai])%-(%^n)%-(%^n)", b="ل%1ل%3"}, -- ^n is lunar
   {a="l([ai])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])%-([%_%^%.]?[tdrzsnc])", b="ل%1ل%3%3"},
   -- art. with waṣla + initial unstable hamza
   {a="'l%-(\"?[uai])", b="ٱل%1ٱ"},   
   -- art. with waṣla + lunar consonant (i.e. what remains)
   {a="'l%-", b="ٱلْ"},
   -- the silent wāw
   {a="uU(%p*)$", b="uو%1"},
   {a="uU(%p*%s)", b="uو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*)$", b="aو%1"},
   {a="aU(%p*%s)", b="aو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*)$", b="iو%1"},
   {a="iU(%p*%s)", b="iو%1"},
   -- words ending in -āT with silent wāw/yāʾ
   {a="(_a)UA", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(_a)U", b="%1و"},
   {a="(_a)I", b="%1ي"}
}

digraphsfvidgham = {
   -- ʾiʿrāb: straight double quote must be discarded
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   -- ʾiʿrāb (end)
   -- initial straight double quote gives a connective ʾalif
   {a="^\"[uai]", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])\"[uai]", b="%1ٱ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="awuا%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(aw)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1u%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(ay)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- hyphen + initial alif without hamza
   --   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ٱ"},
   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])([%^%_%.%`]?)([%aأإؤئ])", b="%1ٱ%3%4"},
   -- initial alif without hamza (next 4 lines)
   {a="(O[%S]-)([uaiUAIY])(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%_]?[uaiUAIY])(%s[%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"}, --p
   {a="^([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2"}, --p
   {a="(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ا%3"}, --p
   {a="%-%-", b="ـ"},
   {a="ؤؤ", b="ؤّ"},
   {a="أأ", b="أّ"},
   {a="ئئ", b="ئّ"},
   {a="bb", b="بّ"},
   {a="BB", b="ـّ"},
   {a="([%_%^%.])([tghdsz])([tghdsz])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   -- same as above for additional characters:
   {a="([%_%^%.])([cn])([cn])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   {a="tt", b="تّ"},
   {a="%_t%_t", b="ثّ"},
   {a="jj", b="جّ"},
   {a="%^g%^g", b="جّ"},
   {a="%.h%.h", b="حّ"},
   {a="xx", b="خّ"},
   {a="%_h%_h", b="خّ"},
   {a="dd", b="دّ"},
   {a="%_d%_d", b="ذّ"},
   {a="rr", b="رّ"},
   {a="zz", b="زّ"},
   {a="ss", b="سّ"},
   {a="%^s%^s", b="شّ"},
   {a="%.s%.s", b="صّ"},
   {a="%.d%.d", b="ضّ"},
   {a="%.t%.t", b="طّ"},
   {a="%.z%.z", b="ظّ"},
   {a="%`%`", b="عّ"},
   {a="%.g%.g", b="غّ"},
   {a="ff", b="فّ"},
   {a="qq", b="قّ"},
   {a="kk", b="كّ"},
   {a="ll", b="لّ"},
   {a="mm", b="مّ"},
   {a="nn", b="نّ"},
   {a="hh", b="هّ"},
   {a="ww", b="وّ"},
   {a="yy", b="يّ"},
   {a="%.y%.y", b="ىّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (begin)
   {a="pp", b="پّ"},
   {a="vv", b="ڤّ"},
   {a="gg", b="گّ"},
   {a="%^c%^c", b="چّ"},
   {a="%^z%^z", b="ژّ"},
   {a="%^n%^n", b="ڭّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (end)
   -- sukūn begin
   -- first, take out hyphen if any (next two lines):
   {a="([ai]Y)%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*)$", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*%s)", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([ai]Y)([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   -- take out sukūn in cases of assimilation
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ر)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(و)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ي)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ل)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(م)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ن)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="ْ\"", b="\""},
   -- sukūn end
   {a="_t", b="ث"},
   {a="%^g", b="ج"},
   {a="%.h", b="ح"},
   {a="_h", b="خ"},
   {a="_d", b="ذ"},
   {a="%^s", b="ش"},
   {a="%.s", b="ص"},
   {a="%.d", b="ض"},
   {a="%.t", b="ط"},
   {a="%.z", b="ظ"},
   {a="%.g", b="غ"},
   {a="%.y", b="ى"},
   -- additional characters (begin)
   {a="%^c", b="چ"},
   {a="%^z", b="ژ"},
   {a="%^n", b="ڭ"},
   -- additional characters (end)
   {a="(U)(A)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="WA", b="وْا"},
   {a="(a)W\"", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(a)W", b="%1وْا"},
   {a="_A", b="aى"},
   {a="_u", b="ٗ"},
   {a="_a", b="ٰ"},
   {a="_i", b="ٖ"},
   {a="%.b", b="ٮ"},
   {a="%.f", b="ڡ"},
   {a="%.q", b="ٯ"},
   {a="%.k", b="ک"},
   {a="%.n", b="ں"},
   {a="%^d", b="ڊ"}
}

digraphsfv = {
   -- iʿrāb: straight double quote must be discarded
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   -- ʾiʿrāb (end)
   -- initial straight double quote gives a connective ʾalif
   {a="^\"[uai]", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])\"[uai]", b="%1ٱ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="awuا%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(aw)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1u%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(ay)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- hyphen + initial alif without hamza
   --   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ٱ"},
   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])([%^%_%.%`]?)([%aأإؤئ])", b="%1ٱ%3%4"},
   -- initial alif without hamza (next 4 lines)
   {a="(O[%S]-)([uaiUAIY])(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%_]?[uaiUAIY])(%s[%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"}, --p
   {a="^([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2"}, --p
   {a="(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ا%3"}, --p
   {a="%-%-", b="ـ"},
   {a="ؤؤ", b="ؤّ"},
   {a="أأ", b="أّ"},
   {a="ئئ", b="ئّ"},
   {a="bb", b="بّ"},
   {a="BB", b="ـّ"},
   {a="([%_%^%.])([tghdsz])([tghdsz])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   -- same as above for additional characters:
   {a="([%_%^%.])([cn])([cn])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   {a="tt", b="تّ"},
   {a="%_t%_t", b="ثّ"},
   {a="jj", b="جّ"},
   {a="%^g%^g", b="جّ"},
   {a="%.h%.h", b="حّ"},
   {a="xx", b="خّ"},
   {a="%_h%_h", b="خّ"},
   {a="dd", b="دّ"},
   {a="%_d%_d", b="ذّ"},
   {a="rr", b="رّ"},
   {a="zz", b="زّ"},
   {a="ss", b="سّ"},
   {a="%^s%^s", b="شّ"},
   {a="%.s%.s", b="صّ"},
   {a="%.d%.d", b="ضّ"},
   {a="%.t%.t", b="طّ"},
   {a="%.z%.z", b="ظّ"},
   {a="%`%`", b="عّ"},
   {a="%.g%.g", b="غّ"},
   {a="ff", b="فّ"},
   {a="qq", b="قّ"},
   {a="kk", b="كّ"},
   {a="ll", b="لّ"},
   {a="mm", b="مّ"},
   {a="nn", b="نّ"},
   {a="hh", b="هّ"},
   {a="ww", b="وّ"},
   {a="yy", b="يّ"},
   {a="%.y%.y", b="ىّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (begin)
   {a="pp", b="پّ"},
   {a="vv", b="ڤّ"},
   {a="gg", b="گّ"},
   {a="%^c%^c", b="چّ"},
   {a="%^z%^z", b="ژّ"},
   {a="%^n%^n", b="ڭّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (end)
   -- sukūn begin
   -- first, take out hyphen if any (next two lines):
   {a="([ai]Y)%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*)$", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*%s)", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([ai]Y)([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   -- take out sukūn in cases of assimilation
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ر)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(و)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ي)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ل)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(م)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ن)", b="%1%3%4"},
   {a="ْ\"", b="\""},
   -- sukūn end
   {a="_t", b="ث"},
   {a="%^g", b="ج"},
   {a="%.h", b="ح"},
   {a="_h", b="خ"},
   {a="_d", b="ذ"},
   {a="%^s", b="ش"},
   {a="%.s", b="ص"},
   {a="%.d", b="ض"},
   {a="%.t", b="ط"},
   {a="%.z", b="ظ"},
   {a="%.g", b="غ"},
   {a="%.y", b="ى"},
   -- additional characters (begin)
   {a="%^c", b="چ"},
   {a="%^z", b="ژ"},
   {a="%^n", b="ڭ"},
   -- additional characters (end)
   {a="(U)(A)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="WA", b="وْا"},
   {a="(a)W\"", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(a)W", b="%1وْا"},
   {a="_A", b="aى"},
   {a="_u", b="ٗ"},
   {a="_a", b="ٰ"},
   {a="_i", b="ٖ"},
   {a="%.b", b="ٮ"},
   {a="%.f", b="ڡ"},
   {a="%.q", b="ٯ"},
   {a="%.k", b="ک"},
   {a="%.n", b="ں"},
   {a="%^d", b="ڊ"}
}

digraphsfveasy = { -- see the differences under 'easy' marker below
   -- ʾiʿrāb: straight double quote must be discarded
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[UI]na)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?At[ui])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?Ani)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?ayni)(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*%s)", b="%2%3"},
   {a="(%-)(\"?[uai])(%p*)$", b="%2%3"},
   -- ʾiʿrāb (end)
   -- initial straight double quote gives a connective ʾalif
   {a="^\"[uai]", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%(%[%|%<%s%-])\"[uai]", b="%1ٱ"}, --p
   -- diphthongs to be resolved before ʾalif conjunctionis
   {a="(aW)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="awuا"},
   {a="(aW)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="awuا%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(aw)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1u"},
   {a="(aw)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1u%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   {a="(ay)(O)(\"?[uai])([%S]-O)", b="%1i"},
   {a="(ay)(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1i%2%3ٱ"}, --p
   -- hyphen + initial alif without hamza
   -- {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ٱ"},
   {a="([uai]%-)(\"?[uai])([%^%_%.%`]?)([%aأإؤئ])", b="%1ٱ%3%4"},
   -- initial alif without hamza (next 4 lines)
   {a="(O[%S]-)([uaiUAIY])(O)(\"?[uai])", b="ٱ"},
   {a="([%_]?[uaiUAIY])(%s[%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ٱ"}, --p
   {a="^([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1ا%2"}, --p
   {a="(%s)([%(%[%|%<]?)(\"?[uai])", b="%1%2ا%3"}, --p
   {a="%-%-", b="ـ"},
   {a="ؤؤ", b="ؤّ"},
   {a="أأ", b="أّ"},
   {a="ئئ", b="ئّ"},
   {a="bb", b="بّ"},
   {a="BB", b="ـّ"},
   {a="([%_%^%.])([tghdsz])([tghdsz])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   -- same as above for additional characters:
   {a="([%_%^%.])([cn])([cn])", b="%1%2|%3"},
   {a="tt", b="تّ"},
   {a="%_t%_t", b="ثّ"},
   {a="jj", b="جّ"},
   {a="%^g%^g", b="جّ"},
   {a="%.h%.h", b="حّ"},
   {a="xx", b="خّ"},
   {a="%_h%_h", b="خّ"},
   {a="dd", b="دّ"},
   {a="%_d%_d", b="ذّ"},
   {a="rr", b="رّ"},
   {a="zz", b="زّ"},
   {a="ss", b="سّ"},
   {a="%^s%^s", b="شّ"},
   {a="%.s%.s", b="صّ"},
   {a="%.d%.d", b="ضّ"},
   {a="%.t%.t", b="طّ"},
   {a="%.z%.z", b="ظّ"},
   {a="%`%`", b="عّ"},
   {a="%.g%.g", b="غّ"},
   {a="ff", b="فّ"},
   {a="qq", b="قّ"},
   {a="kk", b="كّ"},
   {a="ll", b="لّ"},
   {a="mm", b="مّ"},
   {a="nn", b="نّ"},
   {a="hh", b="هّ"},
   {a="ww", b="وّ"},
   {a="yy", b="يّ"},
   {a="%.y%.y", b="ىّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (begin)
   {a="pp", b="پّ"},
   {a="vv", b="ڤّ"},
   {a="gg", b="گّ"},
   {a="%^c%^c", b="چّ"},
   {a="%^z%^z", b="ژّ"},
   {a="%^n%^n", b="ڭّ"},
   -- additional characters + šaddah (end)
   -- sukūn begin ('easy' needs these rules to be taken out); but
   -- first take out every previously generated sukūn by hamza rules,
   -- so there be no need to edit them:
   {a="ْ", b=""}, 
   -- first, take out hyphen if any (next two lines):
--   {a="([ai]Y)%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
--   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])%-([uaiUAI])", b="%1%2"},
--   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*)$", b="%1ْ%2"},
--   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])(%p*%s)", b="%1ْ%2"},
--   {a="([ai]Y)([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
--   {a="([%_%^%.]?[Bbtjghxdrzs%`fqklmnwy])([%_]?[^%_uaiUAIYًٌٍ])", b="%1ْ%2"},
   -- take out sukūn in cases of assimilation
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ر)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(و)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)(ي)", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)([ل])", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)([م])", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="(n)(ْ)(%s)([ن])", b="%1%3%4"},
--   {a="ْ\"", b="\""},
   -- sukūn end
   {a="_t", b="ث"},
   {a="%^g", b="ج"},
   {a="%.h", b="ح"},
   {a="_h", b="خ"},
   {a="_d", b="ذ"},
   {a="%^s", b="ش"},
   {a="%.s", b="ص"},
   {a="%.d", b="ض"},
   {a="%.t", b="ط"},
   {a="%.z", b="ظ"},
   {a="%.g", b="غ"},
   {a="%.y", b="ى"},
   -- additional characters (begin)
   {a="%^c", b="چ"},
   {a="%^z", b="ژ"},
   {a="%^n", b="ڭ"},
   -- additional characters (end)
   {a="(U)(A)", b="%1ا"},
   {a="WA", b="وْا"},
   {a="(a)W\"", b="%1وا"},
   {a="(a)W", b="%1وْا"},
   {a="_A", b="aى"},
   {a="_u", b="ٗ"},
   {a="_a", b="ٰ"},
   {a="_i", b="ٖ"},
   {a="%.b", b="ٮ"},
   {a="%.f", b="ڡ"},
   {a="%.q", b="ٯ"},
   {a="%.k", b="ک"},
   {a="%.n", b="ں"},
   {a="%^d", b="ڊ"}
}

singlefv = {
   {a="b", b="ب"},
   {a="t", b="ت"},
   {a="j", b="ج"},
   {a="x", b="خ"},
   {a="d", b="د"},
   {a="r", b="ر"},
   {a="z", b="ز"},
   {a="s", b="س"},
   {a="f", b="ف"},
   {a="`", b="ع"},
   {a="f", b="ف"},
   {a="q", b="ق"},
   {a="k", b="ك"},
   {a="l", b="ل"},
   {a="m", b="م"},
   {a="n", b="ن"},
   {a="h", b="ه"},
   {a="w", b="و"},
   {a="y", b="ي"},
   {a="T", b="ة"},
   {a="H", b="ه"},
   -- additional characters (begin)
   {a="p", b="پ"},
   {a="v", b="ڤ"},
   {a="g", b="گ"},
   -- additional characters (end)
   {a="\"$", b=""},
   {a="\"(%W)", b="%1"},
   {a="\"([^uaiUAI])", b="%1"},
   {a="o", b="ْ"}, -- hard-coded sukūn
   {a="([^0-9])%-([^0-9])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="B", b="ـ"},
}

singlefveasy = { -- see the differences under 'easy' tag below
   {a="b", b="ب"},
   {a="t", b="ت"},
   {a="j", b="ج"},
   {a="x", b="خ"},
   {a="d", b="د"},
   {a="r", b="ر"},
   {a="z", b="ز"},
   {a="s", b="س"},
   {a="f", b="ف"},
   {a="`", b="ع"},
   {a="f", b="ف"},
   {a="q", b="ق"},
   {a="k", b="ك"},
   {a="l", b="ل"},
   {a="m", b="م"},
   {a="n", b="ن"},
   {a="h", b="ه"},
   {a="w", b="و"},
   {a="y", b="ي"},
   {a="T", b="ة"},
   -- additional characters (begin)
   {a="H", b="ه"},
   {a="p", b="پ"},
   {a="v", b="ڤ"},
   {a="g", b="گ"},
   -- additional characters (end)
   -- easy (begin): \" needs to put back the sukūn
   {a="\"$", b="ْ"},
   {a="\"(%W)", b="ْ%1"},
   {a="\"([^uaiUAI])", b="ْ%1"},
   -- easy (end)
   {a="([^0-9])%-([^0-9])", b="%1%2"},
   {a="B", b="ـ"},
}