% \iffalse meta-comment % ArabLuaTeX -- Processing ArabTeX notation under LuaLaTeX % Copyright (C) 2016 Robert Alessi % % Please send error reports and suggestions for improvements to Robert % Alessi % % This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify % it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by % the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or % (at your option) any later version. % % This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but % WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of % MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU % General Public License for more details. % % You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License % along with this program. If not, see % . % \fi % % \iffalse %<*driver> \ProvidesFile{arabluatex.dtx} % %\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1999/12/01] %\ProvidesPackage{arabluatex} %<*package-info> [2016/07/09 v1.4.1 This is ArabTeX for LuaLaTeX] % % %<*driver> \documentclass{ltxdoc} \usepackage{filecontents} \begin{filecontents}{\jobname.bib} % This file is part of the `arabluatex' package % % ArabLuaTeX -- Processing ArabTeX notation under LuaLaTeX % Copyright (C) 2016 Robert Alessi % % Please send error reports and suggestions for improvements to Robert % Alessi % % This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify % it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by % the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or % (at your option) any later version. % % This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but % WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of % MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU % General Public License for more details. % % You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License % along with this program. If not, see % . @software{pkg:arabtex, author = {Lagally, Klaus}, maintainer = {Lagally, Klaus}, title = {Arab\TeX}, indextitle = {Arab\TeX}, date = {2004-11-03}, version = {4.00}, url = {http://mirrors.ctan.org/language/arabic/arabtex/doc/html/arabtex.htm}, subtitle = {Typesetting Arabic and Hebrew}, titleaddon = {User Manual Version 4.00} } @software{pkg:amiri, author = {Hosny, Khaled}, maintainer = {Hosny, Khaled}, title = {Amiri}, indextitle = {Amiri}, date = {2015-09-20}, url = {http://www.amirifont.org/} } @Book{Habash, author = {Habash, Nizar Y.}, title = {Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing}, year = 2010, series = {Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies}, number = 10, publisher = {Morgan \& Claypool Publishers}, location = {Toronto} } @MVBook{Wright, author = {Wright, W. LL.D}, title = {A Grammar of the Arabic Language}, indextitle = {Grammar of the Arabic Language, A}, year = 1896, editor = {Robertson Smith, W. and de Goeje, M. J.}, editortype = {reviser}, foreword = {Cachia, Pierre}, edition = 3, volumes = 2, pagination = {none}, publisher = {Librairie du Liban}, location = {Beirut}, annote = {New impression, 1996} } @InProceedings{dmg, author = {Brockelmann, Carl and Fischer, August and Heffening, W. and Taeschner, Franz}, shorttitle = {Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift}, title = {Die Transliteration der arabischen Schrift in ihrer Anwendung auf die Hauptliteratursprachen der islamischen Welt}, indextitle = {Transliteration der arabischen Schrift, Die}, year = 1935, booktitle = {Denkschrift dem 19. internationalen Orientalistenkongreß in Rom}, editor = {van Ronkel, Ph. S. and Spies, Otto}, editortype = {collaborator}, organization = {Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft}, publisher = {Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, in Kommission bei F. A. Brockaus}, url = {http://www.naher-osten.uni-muenchen.de/studium_lehre/werkzeugkasten/dmgtransliteration.pdf}, location = {Leipzig} } @MVBook{Lane, author = {Lane, Edward William}, title = {An Arabic-English lexicon}, date = {1863/1893}, indextitle = {Arabic-English Lexicon, An}, volumes = 8, shorthand = {Lane, \emph{Lexicon}}, pagination = {none}, publisher = {Williams and Norgate}, location = {London -- Edinburgh} } \end{filecontents} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage{dox} \doxitem{Option}{option}{options} \def\actualchar{ =} % there's a bug in doxitem; quick fix. \usepackage{fontspec,luatextra} \defaultfontfeatures{RawFeature={+liga}} \setmainfont{Old Standard}[SmallCapsFont={Latin Modern Roman Caps}] \newfontfamily\translitfont{Latin Modern Roman}[Ligatures=TeX] \usepackage{arabluatex}[2016/07/09] \SetTranslitFont{\translitfont} \usepackage{varioref} \usepackage{hypdoc} \hypersetup{unicode=true, colorlinks, allcolors=blue, linktocpage=true, pdfauthor={Robert Alessi}, pdftitle={The arabluatex package}} \usepackage[toc,lot]{multitoc} \usepackage{paralist} \setdefaultitem{\textendash}{\textendash}{\textendash}{\textendash} \usepackage{cleveref} \usepackage{quoting} \quotingsetup{noorphans, rightmargin=0pt} \renewcommand*{\quotingfont}{\footnotesize} \usepackage[position=below]{caption} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage[defaultlines=2,all]{nowidow} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage[breakable, skins, listings, xparse]{tcolorbox} \DeclareTCBListing{arabluacode}{s O{}}{colback=white, boxrule=.15mm, colframe=red!50!white, breakable, listing options={style=tcblatex, numbers=left, numberstyle=\tiny}, IfBooleanTF={#1}{listing side text}{#2}} \DeclareTCBListing{arabluaverbatim}{}{colback=white, boxrule=.15mm, colframe=red!50!white, breakable, listing options={style=tcblatex, numbers=left, numberstyle=\tiny}, listing only} \DeclareTotalTCBox{\arabluaverb}{v}{verbatim, colback=white, boxrule=.15mm, colframe=red!50!white}{#1} \DeclareTotalTCBox{\arabluabox}{m}{left=0mm, right=0mm, top=0mm, bottom=0mm, colback=white, boxrule=.15mm, colframe=red!50!white}{#1} \usepackage{xcolor} \newcommand{\package}[1]{\textsf{#1}\index{#1=#1 (package)}} \usepackage{csquotes} \DeclareQuoteStyle{arabic} {\rmfamily\textquotedblright}{\rmfamily\textquotedblleft} {\rmfamily\textquoteright}{\rmfamily\textquoteleft} \usepackage[style=authoryear, indexing=cite]{biblatex} \DeclareIndexFieldFormat{indextitle}{\index{#1=\emph{#1}}} \addbibresource{arabluatex.bib} \EnableCrossrefs \RecordChanges \CodelineIndex \begin{document} \DocInput{arabluatex.dtx} \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Change History} \PrintChanges \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Index} \PrintIndex \end{document} % % \fi % % \CheckSum{371} % % \CharacterTable % {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z % Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z % Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9 % Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \# % Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \& % Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \) % Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \, % Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/ % Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \< % Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \? % Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\ % Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_ % Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \| % Right brace \} Tilde \~} % % % \changes{v1.0}{2016/03/29}{Initial release} % \changes{v1.0.1}{2016/03/31}{Minor update of the documentation} % % \DoNotIndex{\newcommand,\newenvironment,\renewcommand} % \DoNotIndex{\~,\AtBeginDocument,\bgroup,\csname} % \DoNotIndex{\DeclareDocumentCommand,\def,\edef,\egroup} % \DoNotIndex{\else,\endcsname,\endinput,\expandafter,\fi} % \DoNotIndex{\ifdef,\ifdefined,\ifx,\MessageBreak,\NeedsTeXFormat} % \DoNotIndex{\NewDocumentCommand,\newif,\PackageError,\PackageWarning} % \DoNotIndex{\relax,\RenewDocumentCommand,\string,\verb,\let} % \DoNotIndex{\enskip} % % \providecommand*{\url}{\texttt} % \GetFileInfo{arabluatex.dtx} % % \title{\tcbox[enhanced, tikznode, drop lifted shadow, colback=white, % boxrule=.25mm]% % {The \textsf{arabluatex} package\\ % \fileversion\ -- \filedate}} % % \newcommand*{\NEWfeature}[1]{% % \hskip 1sp \marginpar{\small\sffamily\raggedright % New feature\\#1}} % % \author{Robert Alessi \\ % \href{mailto:alessi@robertalessi.net?Subject=arabluatex}% % {\texttt{alessi@robertalessi.net}}} % \date{} % % \maketitle % \footnotesize % \tableofcontents % \listoftables % \normalsize % % \pagebreak % \begin{abstract} % This package provides for \LuaLaTeX\ an Arab{\TeX}-like interface % to generate Arabic writing from an \textsc{ascii} % transliteration. It is particularly well-suited for complex % documents such as technical documents or critical editions where a % lot of left-to-right commands intertwine with Arabic % writing. \package{arabluatex} is able to process any Arab\TeX\ % input notation. Its output can be set in the same modes of % vocalization as Arab\TeX, or in different roman % transliterations. It further allows many typographical % refinements. It will eventually interact with some other packages % yet to come to produce from \verb|.tex| source files, in addition % to printed books, \texttt{TEI xml} compliant critical editions % and/or lexicons that can be searched, analyzed and correlated in % various ways. % \end{abstract} % % \section*{License and disclamer} % Copyright \textcopyright\ 2016 Robert Alessi % % \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{License and disclamer} Please send % error reports and suggestions for improvements to Robert Alessi: % \begin{compactitem} % \item email: <\href{mailto:alessi@robertalessi.net?Subject=arabluatex}% % {\texttt{alessi@{\allowbreak}robertalessi.net}}> % \item website: \url{http://www.robertalessi.net/arabluatex} % \item development: \url{http://git.robertalessi.net/arabluatex} % \item comments, feature requests, bug reports: % \url{http://issues.robertalessi.net} % \end{compactitem} % % This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify % it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by % the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or % (at your option) any later version. % % This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but % WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of % MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU % General Public License for more details. % % You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License % along with this program. If not, see % . % % This release of \package{arabluatex} consists of the following % source files: % \begin{compactitem} % \item |arabluatex.ins| % \item |arabluatex.dtx| % \item |arabluatex.lua| % \item |arabluatex_voc.lua| % \item |arabluatex_fullvoc.lua| % \item |arabluatex_novoc.lua| % \item |arabluatex_trans.lua| % \end{compactitem} % % \section{Introduction} % In comparison to Prof. Lagally's outstanding Arab\TeX,\footnote{See % \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/arabtex}} Arab\LuaTeX\ is at present % nothing more than a modest piece of software. Hopefully---if I may % say so---it will eventually provide all of its valuable qualities to % the \LuaLaTeX\ users. % % \package{arabtex} dates back to 1992. As far as I know, it was then % the first and only way to typeset Arabic texts with \TeX\ and % \LaTeX. To achieve that, \package{arabtex} provided---and still % does---an Arabic font in \arb[trans]{\cap{nasxI}} style and a macro % package that defined its own input notation which was, as the author % stated, \enquote{both machine, and human, readable, and suited for % electronic transmission and e-mail % communication}.\footnote{\textcite[2]{pkg:arabtex}.} Even if the % same can be said about Unicode, Arab\TeX\ \textsc{ASCII} input % notation still surpasses Unicode input, in my opinion, when it comes % to typesetting complex documents, such as scientific documents or % critical editions where footnotes and other kind of annotations can % be particulary abundant. It must also be said that most text editors % have trouble in displaying Arabic script connected with preceding or % following \LaTeX\ commands: it often happens that commands seem % misplaced, not to mention punctuation marks, or opening or closing % braces, brackets or parentheses that are unexpectedly displayed in % the wrong direction. Of course, some text editors provide ways to % get around such difficulties by inserting invisible Unicode % characters, such as LEFT-TO-RIGHT or RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARKS % (\texttt{U+200E}, \texttt{U+200F}), RTL/LTR \enquote{embed} % characters (\texttt{U+202B}, \texttt{U+202A}) and RLO/LRO % \enquote{bidi-override} characters (\texttt{U+202E}, % \texttt{U+202D}).\footnote{Gáspár Sinai's Yudit probably has the % best Unicode support. See \url{http://www.yudit.org}.} Nonetheless, % it remains that inserting all the time these invisible characters in % complex documents rapidly becomes confusing and cumbersome. % % The great advantage of Arab\TeX\ notation is that it is immune from % all these difficulties, let alone its being clear and % straightforward. One also must remember that computers are designed % to process code. Arab\TeX\ notation is a way of encoding Arabic % language, just as \TeX\ \enquote{mathematics mode} is a way of % processing code to display mathematics. As such, not only does it % allow greater control over typographical features, but it also can % be processed in several different ways: so without going into % details, depending on one's wishes, Arab\TeX\ input can be full % vocalized Arabic (\emph{scriptio plena}), vocalized Arabic or % non-vocalized Arabic (\emph{scriptio defectiva}); it further can be % transliterated into whichever romanization standard the user may % choose. % % \label{ref:tei-to-come} % But there may be more to be said on that point, as encoding Arabic % also naturally encourages the coder to vocalize the texts---without % compelling him to do so, of course. Accurate coding may even have % other virtuous effects. For instance, hyphens may be used for tying % particles or prefixes to words, or to mark inflectional endings, and % so forth. In other words, accurate coding produces accurate texts % that can stand to close grammatical scrutiny and to complex textual % searches as well. % % Having that in mind, I started \package{arabluatex}. With the help % of Lua, it will eventually interact with some other packages yet to % come to produce from \verb|.tex| source files, in addition to % printed books, \texttt{TEI xml} compliant critical editions and/or % lexicons that can be searched, analyzed and correlated in various % ways. % %\subsection{\package{arabluatex} is for \LuaLaTeX} % It goes without saying that \package{arabluatex} requires % \LuaLaTeX. \TeX\ and \LaTeX\ have \package{arabtex}, and \XeLaTeX\ % has \package{arabxetex}. Both of them are much more advanced than % \package{arabluatex}, as they can process a number of different % languages,\footnote{\label{fn:arabtex-languages}To date, both % packages support Arabic, Maghribi, Urdu, Pashto, Sindhi, Kashmiri, % Uighuric and Old Malay; in addition to these, \package{arabtex} also % has a Hebrew mode, including Judeo-Arabic and Yiddish.} whereas % \package{arabluatex} can process only Arabic for the time % being. More languages will be included in future releases of % \package{arabluatex}. % % In comparison to \package{arabxetex}, \package{arabluatex} works in % a very different way. The former relies on the % \href{http://scripts.sil.org/TECkitIntro}{\texttt{TECkit}} engine % which converts Arab\TeX\ input on the fly into Unicode Arabic % script, whereas the latter passes Arab\TeX\ input on to a set of Lua % functions. At first, \LaTeX\ commands are taken care of in different % ways: some, as \cs{emph}, \cs{textbf} and the like are expected to % have Arabic text as arguments, while others, as \cs{LR}, for % \enquote{left-to-right text}, are not. Then, once what is Arabic is % carefully separated form what is not, it is processed by other Lua % functions which rely on different sets of correpondence tables to do % the actual conversion in accordance with one's wishes. Finally, Lua % returns to \TeX\ the converted strings---which may in turn contain % some other Arab\TeX\ input yet to be processed---for further % processing. % % \section{The basics of \package{arabluatex}} % \subsection{Activating \package{arabluatex}} % As usual put in your preamble:\\ % \arabluaverb{\usepackage{arabluatex}}\\ % The only requirement of \package{arabluatex} is \LuaLaTeX; it will % complain if you try to compile your document with another % engine. That aside, \package{arabluatex} does not load packages such % as \package{polyglossia} or \package{luabidi}. It can work with % \package{polyglossia} though, but does not require it. % % \paragraph{Font setup} % If you wish to use your own Arabic font, you can define it before % loading \package{arabluatex}. Assuming that \package{fontspec} is % loaded, put this in your preamble just above the line that loads % \package{arabluatex}: % \arabluabox{\cs{newfontfamily}\cs{arabicfont}\marg{fontname}[Script=Arabic]} % \noindent where \meta{fontname} is the standard name of the Arabic % font you wish to use. % % By default, if no Arabic font is selected, \package{arabluatex} will % issue a warning message and attempt to load the Amiri % font\footnote{\textcite{pkg:amiri}.} like so:---\\ % \arabluaverb{\newfontfamily\arabicfont{Amiri}[Script=Arabic]} % \begin{quoting} % \textsc{Rem.} By default Amiri places the \arb[trans]{kasraT} in % combination with the \arb[trans]{ta^sdId} below the consonant, % like so: \arb{BBi}\,. That is correct, as at least in the oldest % manuscripts {\newfontfamily\arabicfont{Amiri}[Script=Arabic, % RawFeature={+ss05}]\arb{BBi}} may stand for \arb{BBa} as % well as \arb{BBi}\,. See \textcite[i.14.C--D]{Wright}. The placement % of the \arb[trans]{kasraT} above the consonant may be obtained by % selecting the |ss05| feature of the Amiri font, like % so:---\footnote{See the documentation of \package{amiri}, % \textcite[5]{pkg:amiri}.}\\ % \arabluaverb{\newfontfamily\arabicfont{Amiri}[Script=Arabic,RawFeature={+ss05}]} % % Other Arabic fonts may behave differently. % \end{quoting} % % \subsection{Options} % \label{sec:options} % \package{arabluatex} may be loaded with four mutually exclusive % global options, each of which may be overriden at any point of the % document (see below \vref{sec:local-options}): % % \DescribeOption{voc}\hfill\arabluaverb{default}\\ In this mode, % which is the one selected by default, every short vowel written % generates its corresponding diacritical mark: \arb[trans]{.dammaT} % (\arb{Bu}), \arb[trans]{fat.haT} (\arb{Ba}) and \arb[trans]{kasraT} % (\arb{Bi}). If a vowel is followed by |N|, viz. \meta{uN, aN, iN}, % then the corresponding \arb[trans]{tanwIn} (\arb{BuN}, \arb{B|aN}\,, % \arb{TaN}, \arb{BaN_A} or \arb{BiN}) is generated. Finally, \meta{u, % a, i} at the commencement of a word indicate a \enquote{connective % \arb[trans]{'alif}\,} (\arb[trans]{'alifu 'l-wa.sli}), but |voc| % mode does not show the \arb[trans]{wa.slaT} above the % \arb[trans]{'alif}; instead, the accompanying vowel may be expressed % at the beginning of a sentence (\arb{u} \arb{a} \arb{i}). % % \DescribeOption{fullvoc}\\ \label{fullvoc-mode}In addition to what % the |voc| mode does, |fullvoc| expresses the \arb[trans]{sukUn} and % the \arb[trans]{wa.slaT}. % % \DescribeOption{novoc}\\ None of the diacritics is showed in |novoc| % mode, unless otherwise specified (see \enquote{quoting} technique % below \vref{sec:quoting}). % % \DescribeOption{trans} \\ \label{ref:describe-trans}This mode % transliterates the Arab\TeX\ input into one of the accepted % standards. At present, two standards are supported (see below % \vref{sec:transliteration} for more details): % \begin{compactdesc} % \item[dmg] \emph{Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft}, which is % selected by default; % \item[loc] \emph{Library of Congress}. % \end{compactdesc} % More standards will be included in future releases of % \package{arabluatex}. % % \subsubsection{Classic contrasted with modern typesetting of Arabic} % \label{sec:classic-modern-typesetting} % \NEWfeature{v.1.2} By default, \package{arabluatex} typesets Arabic % in a classic, traditional style the most prominent features of which % are the following: % \begin{compactitem} % \item \enquote*{Classic} \arb[trans]{maddaT}: when % \arb[trans]{'alif} and \arb[trans]{hamzaT} accompanied by a simple % vowel or \arb[trans]{tanwIn} is preceded by an \arb[trans]{'alif} of % prolongation (\arb[voc]{BA}), then a mere \arb[trans]{hamzaT} is % written on the line, and a \arb[trans]{maddaT} is placed over the % \arb[trans]{'alif}, like so:--- % \begin{quote} % |samA'uN| \arb[voc]{samA'uN} \arb[trans]{samA'uN}, |jA'a| % \arb[voc]{jA'a} \arb[trans]{jA'a}, |yatasA'alUna| % \arb[voc]{yatasA'alUna} \arb[trans]{yatasA'alUna}\footnote{Note % that in old mss. such forms as \arb[voc]{samA"'a"'a}, % \arb[voc]{jA"'a"'a} are also found; see \textcite[i. 24 % D]{Wright}.} (see \vpageref{ref:madda} for further details). % \end{quote} % \item The euphonic \arb[trans]{ta^sdId} is generated (see % \vpageref{ref:euphonic-tashdid}). % \item Assimilation rules laid on \vref{ref:assimilation} are % applied. % \item In |fullvoc| mode, the \arb[trans]{sukUn} is expressed. % \end{compactitem} % % \DescribeMacro{\SetArbEasy} \DescribeMacro{\SetArbDflt} Such % refinements may be discarded by the command \cs{SetArbEasy}, either % globally in the preamble or locally at any point of the % document. Default \enquote*{classic} rules may be set back at any % point of the document with the command \cs{SetArbDflt}. Examples % follow:--- % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item \cs{SetArbDflt}: % \begin{compactenum}[i.] % \item |voc| \arb[voc]{wa-mAta istisqA'aN qabla 'an yutimma % kitAba-hu fI nujUm-i 'l-samA'-i} % \item |fullvoc| \arb[fullvoc]{wa-mAta istisqA'aN qabla 'an yutimma % kitAba-hu fI nujUm-i 'l-samA'-i} % \item |trans| \arb[trans]{wa-mAta istisqA'aN qabla 'an yutimma % kitAba-hu fI nujUm-i 'l-samA'-i} % \end{compactenum} % \item \cs{SetArbEasy}: % \begin{compactenum}[i.]\SetArbEasy % \item |voc| \arb[voc]{wa-mAta istisqA'aN qabla 'an yutimma % kitAba-hu fI nujUm-i 'l-samA'-i} % \item |fullvoc| \arb[fullvoc]{wa-mAta istisqA'aN qabla 'an yutimma % kitAba-hu fI nujUm-i 'l-samA'-i} % \item |trans| \arb[trans]{wa-mAta istisqA'aN qabla 'an yutimma % kitAba-hu fI nujUm-i 'l-samA'-i}\SetArbDflt % \end{compactenum} % \end{compactenum} % % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode}[text only] Please note that this document is typeset with \cs{SetArbDflt} throughout. \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % %\subsection{Typing Arabic} % \DescribeMacro{\arb} Once \package{arabluatex} is loaded, a command % \cs{arb}\marg{Arabic text} is available for inserting Arabic text in % paragraphs, like so:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} From \textcite[i. 1 A]{Wright}:--- Arabic, like Hebrew and Syriac, is written and read from right to left. The letters of the alphabet (\arb{.hurUf-u 'l-hijA'-i}, \arb{.hurUf-u 'l-tahajjI}, \arb{al-.hurUf-u 'l-hijA'iyyaT-u}, or \arb{.hurUf-u 'l-mu`jam-i}) are twenty-eight in number and are all consonants, though three of them are also used as vowels (see §~3). \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \DescribeEnv{arab} Running paragraphs of Arabic text should rather % be placed inside an \emph{Arabic environment} % % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluaverbatim} \begin{arab} [...] \end{arab} \end{arabluaverbatim} % \iffalse % % \fi % like so:---\label{ref:juha-code} % \setquotestyle{arabic} % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \begin{arab} 'at_A .sadIquN 'il_A ju.hA ya.tlubu min-hu .himAra-hu li-yarkaba-hu fI safraTiN qa.sIraTiN fa-qAla la-hu: \enquote{sawfa 'u`Idu-hu 'ilay-ka fI 'l-masA'-i wa-'adfa`u la-ka 'ujraTaN.} fa-qAla ju.hA: \enquote{'anA 'AsifuN jiddaN 'annI lA 'asta.tI`u 'an 'u.haqqiqa la-ka ra.gbabata-ka fa-'l-.himAr-u laysa hunA 'l-yawm-a.} wa-qabla 'an yutimma ju.hA kalAma-hu bada'a 'l-.himAr-u yanhaqu fI 'i.s.tabli-hi. fa-qAla la-hu .sadIqu-hu: \enquote{'innI 'asma`u .himAra-ka yA ju.hA yanhaqu.} fa-qAla la-hu ju.hA: \enquote{.garIbuN 'amru-ka yA .sadIqI 'a-tu.saddiqu 'l-.himAr-a wa-tuka_d_diba-nI?} \end{arab} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % \setquotestyle{english} % % \subsubsection{Local options} % \label{sec:local-options} % As seen above in \vref{sec:options}, \package{arabluatex} may be % loaded with four mutually exclusive global options: |voc| (which is % the default option), |fullvoc|, |novoc| and |trans|. Whatever choice % has been made globally, it may be overriden at any point of the % document, as the \cs{arb} command may take any of the |voc|, % |fullvoc|, |novoc| or |trans| modes as optional arguments, like % so:--- % \begin{compactitem} % \item \DescribeOption{voc} \cs{arb}|[voc]|\marg{Arabic text}; % \item \DescribeOption{fullvoc} \cs{arb}|[fullvoc]|\marg{Arabic text}; % \item \DescribeOption{novoc} \cs{arb}|[novoc]|\marg{Arabic text}; % \item \DescribeOption{trans} \cs{arb}|[trans]|\marg{Arabic text}. % \end{compactitem} % % The same optional arguments may be passed to the environment |arab|: % one may have \cs{begin}|{arab}|\oarg{mode}|...|\cs{end}|{arab}|, % where \meta{mode} may be any of |voc|, |fullvoc|, |novoc| or % |trans|. % %\section{Standard Arab\TeX\ input} %\subsection{Consonants} % \Cref{tab:arabtex-consonants} gives the Arab\TeX\ equivalents for % all of the Arabic consonants.\linebreak % \newcommand{\dmg}[1]{% % \SetTranslitConvention{dmg}% % \arb[trans]{#1}} % \newcommand{\loc}[1]{% % \SetTranslitConvention{loc}% % \arb[trans]{#1}\SetTranslitConvention{dmg}} % \begin{longtable}{llll} % \captionlistentry{Arab\TeX\ consonants}\\[-1em] % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration\footnotemark} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endfirsthead % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endhead \footnotetext{See below \vref{sec:transliteration}.} % \label{tab:arabtex-consonants} % \arb[novoc]{a}\footnote{For \arb[trans]{'alif} as a consonant, see % \textcite[i. 16 D]{Wright}.} & \dmg{a} & \loc{a} & \verb|a| \\ % \arb[novoc]{b} & \dmg{b} & \loc{b} & |b| \\ % \arb[novoc]{t} & \dmg{t} & \loc{t} & |t| \\ % \arb[novoc]{_t} & \dmg{_t} & \loc{_t} & |_t| \\ % \arb[novoc]{j} & \dmg{j} & \loc{j} & |^g| or |j| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.h} & \dmg{.h} & \loc{.h} & |.h| \\ % \arb[novoc]{x} & \dmg{x} & \loc{x} & |_h| or |x|\\ % \arb[novoc]{d} & \dmg{d} & \loc{d} & |d| \\ % \arb[novoc]{_d} & \dmg{_d} & \loc{_d} & |_d| \\ % \arb[novoc]{r} & \dmg{r} & \loc{r} & |r| \\ % \arb[novoc]{z} & \dmg{z} & \loc{z} & |z| \\ % \arb[novoc]{s} & \dmg{s} & \loc{s} & |s| \\ % \arb[novoc]{^s} & \dmg{^s} & \loc{^s} & |^s| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.s} & \dmg{.s} & \loc{.s} & |.s| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.d} & \dmg{.d} & \loc{.d} & |.d| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.t} & \dmg{.t} & \loc{.t} & |.t| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.z} & \dmg{.z} & \loc{.z} & |.z| \\ % \arb[novoc]{`} & \dmg{`} & \loc{`} & |`| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.g} & \dmg{.g} & \loc{.g} & |.g| \\ % \arb[novoc]{f} & \dmg{f} & \loc{f} & |f| \\ % \arb[novoc]{q} & \dmg{q} & \loc{q} & |q| \\ % \arb[novoc]{k} & \dmg{k} & \loc{k} & |k| \\ % \arb[novoc]{l} & \dmg{l} & \loc{l} & |l| \\ % \arb[novoc]{m} & \dmg{m} & \loc{m} & |m| \\ % \arb[novoc]{n} & \dmg{n} & \loc{n} & |n| \\ % \arb[novoc]{h} & \dmg{h} & \loc{h} & |h| \\ % \arb[novoc]{w} & \dmg{w} & \loc{w} & |w| \\ % \arb[novoc]{y} & \dmg{y} & \loc{y} & |y| \\ % \arb[novoc]{T} & \dmg{aT} & \loc{aT} & |T| \\ % \bottomrule % \caption*{\Cref*{tab:arabtex-consonants}: Standard Arab\TeX\ (consonants)} % \end{longtable} % % \subsection{Vowels} % \subsubsection{Long vowels} % \Cref{tab:arabtex-long-vowels} gives the Arab\TeX\ equivalents for % the Arabic long vowels. % \begin{longtable}{llll} % \captionlistentry{Arab\TeX\ long vowels}\\[-1em] % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration\footnotemark} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endfirsthead % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endhead \footnotetext{See below \vref{sec:transliteration}.} % \label{tab:arabtex-long-vowels} % \arb[novoc]{A} & \dmg{A} & \loc{A} & \verb|A| \\ % \arb[novoc]{U} & \dmg{U} & \loc{U} & \verb|U| \\ % \arb[novoc]{I} & \dmg{I} & \loc{I} & \verb|I| \\ % \arb[novoc]{_A}\footnote{$=$ \arb[trans]{al-'alif-u 'l-maq.sUraT-u}.} % & \dmg{_A} & \loc{_A} & \verb|_A| or \verb|Y| \\ % \arb[novoc]{B_a} & \dmg{B_a} & \loc{B_a} & \verb|_a| \\ % \arb[novoc]{B_u} & \dmg{B_u} & \loc{B_u} & \verb|_u| \\ % \arb[novoc]{B_i} & \dmg{B_i} & \loc{B_i} & \verb|_i| \\ % \bottomrule % \caption*{\Cref*{tab:arabtex-long-vowels}: Standard Arab\TeX\ (long vowels)} % \end{longtable} % % \begin{quoting} % \textsc{Rem.}~\emph{a.} The long vowels \arb[trans]{A, U, I}, % otherwise called \arb[trans]{.hurUf-u 'l-madd-i}, \emph{the % letters of prolongation}, involve the placing of the short vowels % \arb[trans]{Ba, Bu, Bi} before the letters \arb[novoc]{A}, % \arb[novoc]{U}, \arb[novoc]{I} respectively. \package{arabluatex} % does that automatically in case any from |voc|, |fullvoc| or % |trans| modes is selected e.g. \arb[voc]{qAla} \arb[trans]{qAla}, % \arb[voc]{qIla} \arb[trans]{qIla}, \arb[voc]{yaqUlu} % \arb[trans]{yaqUlu}. % % \textsc{Rem.}~\emph{b.} Defective writings, such as % \arb[novoc]{B_a}, \arb[trans]{al-'alif-u 'l-ma.h_dUfaT-u}, or % defective writings of \arb[trans]{B_u} and \arb[trans]{B_i} are % encoded |_a| |_u| and |_i| respectively, e.g. |_d_alika| % \arb[voc]{_d_alika}, |al-mal_a'ikaT-u| |'l-ra.hm_an-u| % \arb[voc]{al-mal_a'ikaT-u 'l-ra.hm_an-u}, |.hu_dayfaT-u| |bn-u| % |'l-yamAn_i| \arb[fullvoc]{.hu_dayfaT-u bn-u 'l-yamAn_i} for % \arb[trans]{\cap{.hu_dayfaT-u} bn-u 'l-\cap{yamAn_i}}, etc. % \end{quoting} % % \subsubsection{Short vowels} % \Cref{tab:arabtex-short-vowels} gives the Arab\TeX\ equivalents for % the Arabic short vowels. % \begin{longtable}{llll} % \captionlistentry{Arab\TeX\ short vowels}\\[-1em] % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration\footnotemark} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endfirsthead % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endhead \footnotetext{See below \vref{sec:transliteration}.} % \label{tab:arabtex-short-vowels} % \arb[voc]{Ba} & \dmg{Ba} & \loc{Ba} & \verb|a| \\ % \arb[voc]{Bu} & \dmg{Bu} & \loc{Bu} & \verb|u| \\ % \arb[voc]{Bi} & \dmg{Bi} & \loc{Bi} & \verb|i| \\ % \arb[voc]{BaN} & \dmg{BaN} & \loc{BaN} & \verb|aN| \\ % \arb[voc]{BuN} & \dmg{BuN} & \loc{BuN} & \verb|uN| \\ % \arb[voc]{BiN} & \dmg{BiN} & \loc{BiN} & \verb|iN| \\ % \bottomrule % \caption*{\Cref*{tab:arabtex-short-vowels}: Standard Arab\TeX\ (short vowels)} % \end{longtable} % % Whether Arabic texts be vocalized or not is essentially a matter of % personal choice. So one may use |voc| mode and decide not to write % vowels except at some particular places for disambiguation purposes, % or use |novoc| mode, not write vowels---as |novoc| normally does not % show them---except, again, where disambiguation is needed.\footnote{See % below \vref{sec:quoting}.} % % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode}[text only] However, it may be wise to always write the vowels, leaving to the various modes provided by \package{arabluatex} to take care of showing or not showing the vowels. \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % That said, there is no need to write the short vowels % \arb[trans]{fat.haT}, \arb[trans]{.dammaT} or \arb[trans]{kasraT} % except in the following cases: % \begin{compactitem} % \item at the commencement of a word, to indicate that a connective % \arb[trans]{'alif} is needed, with the exception of the article (see % below \vref{sec:quoting}); % \item when \package{arabluatex} needs to perform a contextual % analysis to determine the carrier of the \arb[trans]{hamzaT}; % \item in the various transliteration modes, as vowels are always % expressed in romanized Arabic. % \end{compactitem} % %\section{\package{arabluatex} in action} %\subsection{The vowels and diphthongs} % \paragraph{Short vowels} As said above, they are written \meta{a, u, % i}: % \begin{quote} % |_halaqa| (or |xalaqa|) \arb[voc]{xalaqa} \arb[trans]{xalaqa}, % |^samsuN| \arb[voc]{^samsuN} \arb[trans]{^samsuN}, |karImuN| % \arb[voc]{karImuN} \arb[trans]{\cap{karImuN}}. % % |bi-hi| \arb[voc]{bi-hi} \arb[trans]{bi-hi}, |'aqi.tuN| % \arb[voc]{'aqi.tuN} \arb[trans]{'aqi.tuN}. % % |la-hu| \arb[voc]{la-hu} \arb[trans]{la-hu}, |.hujjaTuN| % \arb[voc]{.hujjaTuN} \arb[trans]{.hujjaTuN}. % \end{quote} % %\paragraph{Long vowels} They are written \meta{U, A, I}: % \begin{quote} % |qAla| \arb[voc]{qAla} \arb[trans]{qAla}, |bI`a| \arb[voc]{bI`a} % \arb[trans]{bI`a}, |.tUruN| \arb[voc]{.tUruN} \arb[trans]{.tUruN}, % |.tInuN| \arb[voc]{.tInuN} \arb[trans]{.tInuN}, |murU'aTuN| % \arb[voc]{murU'aTuN} \arb[trans]{murU'aTuN}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{'alif maq.sUraT}} It is written \meta{\_A} or % \meta{Y}: % \begin{quote} % |al-fat_A| \arb[voc]{al-fat_A} \arb[trans]{al-fat_A}, |al-maqh_A| % \arb[voc]{al-maqh_A} \arb[trans]{al-maqh_A}, |'il_A| % \arb[voc]{'il_A} \arb[trans]{'il_A}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{'alif} \emph{otiosum}} Said % \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wiqAyaT-i}, \enquote{the guarding % \arb[trans]{'alif}}\,, after \arb[novoc]{U} at the end of a word, both % when preceded by \arb[trans]{.dammaT} and by \arb[trans]{fat.haT} is % written \meta{UA} or \meta{aW, aWA}: % \begin{quote} % |na.sarUA| \arb[voc]{na.sarUA} \arb[trans]{na.sarUA}, |katabUA| % \arb[voc]{katabUA} \arb[trans]{katabUA}, |ya.gzUA| % \arb[voc]{ya.gzUA} \arb[trans]{ya.gzUA}, |ramaW| % \arb[fullvoc]{ramaW} \arb[trans]{ramaW}, |banaWA| % \arb[fullvoc]{banaWA}, \arb[trans]{banaWA}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{'alif ma.h_dUfaT} and defective \arb[trans]{U, % I}} They are written \meta{\_a, \_i \_u}: % \begin{quote} % |al-l_ah-u| \arb[voc]{al-l_ah-u} \arb[trans]{al-l_ah-u}, % |'il_ahuN| \arb[voc]{'il_ahuN} \arb[trans]{'il_ahuN}. % % |al-ra.hm_an-u| \arb[voc]{al-ra.hm_an-u} % \arb[trans]{al-ra.hm_an-u}, |l_akin| \arb[voc]{l_akin} % \arb[trans]{l_akin}, |h_ahunA| \arb[voc]{h_ahunA} % \arb[trans]{h_ahunA}, |.hunayn-u| |bn-u| |'is.h_aq-a| % \arb[voc]{.hunayn-u bn-u 'is.h_aq-a} \arb[trans]{\cap{.hunayn}-u % bn-u \cap{'is.h_aq-a}}, |rabb_i| \arb[voc]{rabb_i} % \arb[trans]{rabb_i}, |al-`A.s_i| \arb[voc]{al-`A.s_i} % \arb[trans]{al-\cap{`A.s_i}}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{Silent \arb[novoc]{U}/\arb[novoc]{I}} % Some words ending with \arb[voc]{BAT} are usually written % \arb[voc]{BawT} or \arb[voc]{B_aUT} instead of \arb[voc]{BAT}: see % \textcite[i. 12 A]{Wright}. \package{arabluatex} preserves that % particular writing; the same applies to words ending in % \arb[voc]{BayT} for \arb[voc]{BAT}\,. Long vowels \meta{U, I} shall % receive no \arb[trans]{sukUn} after a \arb[trans]{'alif ma.h_dUfaT} % and are discarded in |trans| mode: % \begin{quote} % |.hay_aUTuN| \arb[voc]{.hay_aUTuN} \arb[trans]{.hay_aUTuN}, % |.sal_aUTuN| \arb[voc]{.sal_aUTuN} \arb[trans]{.sal_aUTuN}, % |mi^sk_aUTuN| \arb[voc]{mi^sk_aUTuN} \arb[trans]{mi^sk_aUTuN}, % |tawr_aITuN| \arb[voc]{tawr_aITuN} \arb[trans]{tawr_aITuN}. % % And so also: |al-rib_aIT-u| \arb[voc]{al-rib_aIT-u} % \arb[trans]{al-rib_aIT-u}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{\cap{`amruNU}}, and the silent % \arb[novoc]{U}} To that name a silent \arb[novoc]{U} is added to % distinguish it from \arb[trans]{\cap{`umar-u}}: see \textcite[i. 12 % C]{Wright}. In no way this affects the sound of the % \arb[trans]{tanwIn}, so it has to be discarded in |trans| mode: % \begin{quote} % |`amruNU| \arb[voc]{`amruNU} \arb[trans]{`amruNU}, |`amraNU| % \arb[voc]{`amraNU} \arb[trans]{`amraNU}, |`amriNU| % \arb[voc]{`amriNU} \arb[trans]{`amriNU}. % % When the \arb[trans]{tanwIn} falls away \parencite[i. 249 % B]{Wright}: |`amr-uU| |bn-u| |mu.hammadiN| \arb[fullvoc]{`amr-uU % bnu mu.hammadiN} \arb[trans]{\cap{`amr-uU} bn-u % \cap{mu.hammadiN}}, |mu.hammad-u| |bn-u| |`amr-iU| |bn-i| % |_hAlidiN| \arb[fullvoc]{mu.hammad-u bn-u `amr-iU bn-i _hAlidiN} % \arb[trans]{\cap{mu.hammad-u} bn-u \cap{`amr-iU} bn-i % \cap{_hAlidiN}}. % % And so also: |al-rib_aUA| \arb[voc]{al-rib_aUA} % \arb[trans]{al-rib_aUA}, |ribaNU| \arb[voc]{ribaNU} % \arb[trans]{ribaNU}. % \end{quote} % %\paragraph{\arb[trans]{tanwIn}} % The marks of doubled short vowels, \arb{BuN}, \arb{BaN}, \arb{BiN}, % are written \meta{uN, aN, iN} respectively. \package{arabluatex} % deals with special cases, such as \arb{BaN} taking an \arb[novoc]{A} % after all consonants except \arb[novoc]{T}, and \arb[trans]{tanwIn} % preceding \arb[novoc]{Y} as in \arb[voc]{hudaN_A}, which is written % \meta{aN\_A} or \meta{aNY}: % \begin{quote} % |mAluN| \arb[voc]{mAluN} \arb[trans]{mAluN}, |bAbaN| % \arb[voc]{bAbaN} \arb[trans]{bAbaN}, |madInaTaN| % \arb[voc]{madInaTaN} \arb[trans]{madInaTaN}, |bintiN| % \arb[voc]{bintiN} \arb[trans]{bintiN} |maqhaN_A| % \arb[voc]{maqhaN_A} \arb[trans]{maqhaN_A}, |fataNY| % \arb[voc]{fataNY} \arb[trans]{fataNY}. % % \package{arabluatex} is aware of special orthographies: |^say'uN| % \arb[voc]{^say'uN} \arb[trans]{^say'uN}, |^say'aN| % \arb[voc]{^say'aN} \arb[trans]{^say'aN}, |^say'iN| % \arb[voc]{^say'iN} \arb[trans]{^say'iN}. % \end{quote} % % In some cases, it may be useful to mark the root form of defective % words so as to produce a more accurate transliteration of ending % \arb[trans]{tanwIn}. As seen above, \arb[trans]{tanwIn} preceding % \arb[novoc]{_A} is written \meta{aN\_A} or \meta{aNY}. Such forms as % \arb[voc]{qA.diNI} may likewise be written \meta{iNI}:--- % \begin{quote} % |al-qA.dI| \arb[voc]{al-qA.dI} \arb[trans]{al-qA.dI}, |qA.diyaN| % \arb[voc]{qA.diyaN} \arb[trans]{qA.diyaN}, |qA.diNI| % \arb[voc]{qA.diNI} \arb[trans]{qA.diNI}. % \end{quote} % % \subsection{Other orthographic signs} % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{tA' marbU.taT}} % It is written \meta{T}: % \begin{quote} % |madInaTuN| \arb[voc]{madInaTuN} \arb[trans]{madInaTuN}, % |madInaTaN| \arb[voc]{madInaTaN} \arb[trans]{madInaTaN}, % |madInaTiN| \arb[voc]{madInaTiN} \arb[trans]{madInaTiN}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{hamzaT}} \label{ref:hamza}It is written % \meta{\texttt{'}}, its carrier being determined by contextual % analysis. In case one wishes to bypass this mechanism, he can use % the \enquote{quoting} feature that is described below in % \vref{sec:quoting}. % \begin{quote} % \textbf{Initial \arb[trans]{hamzaT}}: |'asaduN| \arb[voc]{'asaduN} % \arb[trans]{'asaduN}, |'u_htuN| \arb[voc]{'u_htuN} % \arb[trans]{'u_htuN}, |'iqlIduN| \arb[voc]{'iqlIduN} % \arb[trans]{'iqlIduN}, |'anna| \arb[voc]{'anna} % \arb[trans]{'anna}, |'inna| \arb[voc]{'inna} \arb[trans]{'inna}. % % \label{ref:initial-hamza} % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} followed by the long vowel \arb[novoc]{U} is % encoded |'_U|: |'_Ul_A| \arb[voc]{'_Ul_A} \arb[trans]{'_Ul_A}, |'_UlU| % \arb[voc]{'_UlU} \arb[trans]{'_UlU}, |'_UlA'ika| % \arb[voc]{'_UlA'ika} \arb[trans]{'_UlA'ika}. % % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} followed by the long vowel \arb[novoc]{I} is % encoded |'_I|: |'_ImAnuN| \arb[voc]{'_ImAnuN} % \arb[trans]{'_ImAnuN}. % % \textbf{Middle \arb[trans]{hamzaT}}: |xA.ti'-Ina| % \arb[voc]{xA.ti'-Ina} \arb[trans]{xA.ti'-Ina}, |ru'UsuN| % \arb[voc]{ru'UsuN}, \arb[trans]{ru'UsuN}, |xa.tI'aTuN| % \arb[voc]{xa.tI'aTuN} \arb[trans]{xa.tI'aTuN}, |su'ila| % \arb[voc]{su'ila} \arb[trans]{su'ila}, |'as'ilaTuN| % \arb[voc]{'as'ilaTuN} \arb[trans]{'as'ilaTuN}, |mas'alaTuN| % \arb[voc]{mas'alaTuN} \arb[trans]{mas'alaTuN}, |'as'alu| % \arb[voc]{'as'alu} \arb[trans]{'as'alu}, |yatasA'alUna| % \arb[voc]{yatasA'alUna} \arb[trans]{yatasA'alUna}, |murU'aTuN| % \arb[voc]{murU'aTuN} \arb[trans]{murU'aTuN}, |ta'xIruN| % \arb[fullvoc]{ta'xIruN} \arb[trans]{ta'xIruN}, |ta'axxara| % \arb[voc]{ta'axxara} \arb[trans]{ta'axxara}, |ji'tu-ka| % \arb[voc]{ji'tu-ka} \arb[trans]{ji'tu-ka}, |qA'iluN| % \arb[voc]{qA'iluN} \arb[trans]{qA'iluN}. % % From \textcite[i. 14 B]{Wright}:--- All consonants, whatsoever, % not even \arb[trans]{'alif} \emph{hèmzatum} excepted, admit of % being doubled and take \arb[trans]{ta^sdId}. Hence we speak and % write |ra''AsuN| \arb[voc]{ra''AsuN} \arb[trans]{ra''AsuN}, % |sa''AluN| \arb[voc]{sa''AluN} \arb[trans]{sa''AluN}, |na''AjuN| % \arb[voc]{na''AjuN} \arb[trans]{na''AjuN}. % % \textbf{Final \arb[trans]{hamzaT}}: |xa.ta'uN| \arb[voc]{xa.ta'uN} % \arb[trans]{xa.ta'uN}, |xa.ta'aN| \arb[voc]{xa.ta'aN} % \arb[trans]{xa.ta'aN}, |xa.ta'iN| \arb[voc]{xa.ta'iN} % \arb[trans]{xa.ta'iN}, |'aqra'u| \arb[voc]{'aqra'u} % \arb[trans]{'aqra'u}, |taqra'Ina| \arb[voc]{taqra'Ina} % \arb[trans]{taqra'Ina}, |taqra'Una| \arb[voc]{taqra'Una} % \arb[trans]{taqra'Una}, |yaqra'na| \arb[fullvoc]{yaqra'na} % \arb[trans]{yaqra'na}, |yaxba'Ani| \arb[voc]{yaxba'Ani} % \arb[trans]{yaxba'Ani}, |xaba'A| \arb[voc]{xaba'A} % \arb[trans]{xaba'A}, |xubi'a| \arb[voc]{xubi'a} % \arb[trans]{xubi'a}, |xubi'UA| \arb[voc]{xubi'UA} % \arb[trans]{xubi'UA}, |jA'a| \arb[voc]{jA'a} \arb[trans]{jA'a}, % |ridA'uN| \arb[voc]{ridA'uN} \arb[trans]{ridA'uN}, |ridA'aN| % \arb[voc]{ridA'aN} \arb[trans]{ridA'aN}, |jI'a| \arb[voc]{jI'a} % \arb[trans]{jI'a}, |radI'iN| \arb[voc]{radI'iN} % \arb[trans]{radI'iN}, |sU'uN| \arb[voc]{sU'uN} \arb[trans]{sU'uN}, % |.daw'uN| \arb[voc]{.daw'uN} \arb[trans]{.daw'uN}, |qay'iN| % \arb[voc]{qay'iN} \arb[trans]{qay'iN}. % % |^say'uN| \arb[voc]{^say'uN} \arb[trans]{^say'uN}, |^say'aN| % \arb[voc]{^say'aN} \arb[trans]{^say'aN}, |^say'iN| % \arb[voc]{^say'iN} \arb[trans]{^say'iN}, |al-^say'-u| % \arb[voc]{al-^say'-u} \arb[trans]{al-^say'-u}, |'a^syA'-u| % \arb[voc]{'a^syA'-u} \arb[trans]{'a^syA'-u}, |'a^syA'-a| % \arb[voc]{'a^syA'-a} \arb[trans]{'a^syA'-a}, |.zim'aN| % \arb[voc]{.zim'aN} \arb[trans]{.zim'aN}. % % \textbf{\arb[trans]{ta_hfIf-u 'l-hamzaT-i}}: if the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} has \arb[trans]{jazmaT} and is preceded by % \emph{\arb[trans]{'alif} hamzatum}, it must be changed into the % letter of prolongation that is homogeneous with the preceding % vowel; hence: |'a'mana| \arb[voc]{'a'mana} \arb[trans]{'a'mana}, % |'u'minu| \arb[voc]{'u'minu} \arb[trans]{'u'minu}, |'i'mAnuN| % \arb[voc]{'i'mAnuN} \arb[trans]{'i'mAnuN}. For other possible ways % of encoding such sequences, see \vpageref{ref:initial-hamza} % (\arb[trans]{hamzaT} followed by \arb[novoc]{U} and \arb[novoc]{I}) % and the \arb[trans]{maddaT} \vpageref{ref:madda}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{maddaT}} \label{ref:madda}At the beginning of % a syllabe, \arb[trans]{'alif} with \arb[trans]{hamzaT} and % \arb[trans]{fat.haT} (\arb[voc]{'a}) followed by \arb[trans]{'alifu % 'l-maddi} (\arb[trans]{'alif} of prolongation) or \arb[trans]{'alif} % with \arb[trans]{hamzaT} and \arb[trans]{jazmaT} (\arb[voc]{a"'"}) % are both represented in writing \arb[trans]{'alif} with % \arb[trans]{maddaT}: \arb[voc]{A"'} \parencite[see][i. 25 % A--B]{Wright}. % % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode}[text only] Hence one should keep to this distinction and encode |'a'kulu| \arb[voc]{'a'kulu} \arb[trans]{'a'kulu} and |'AkiluN| \arb[voc]{'AkiluN} \arb[trans]{'AkiluN} respectively. \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \package{arabluatex} otherwise determines \arb[trans]{al-'alif-u % 'l-mamdUdaT-u} by context analysis. % % \begin{quote} % |'is'AduN| \arb[voc]{'is'AduN} \arb[trans]{'is'AduN}, |'AkilUna| % \arb[voc]{'AkilUna} \arb[trans]{'AkilUna}, |'a'mannA| % \arb[voc]{'a'mannA} \arb[trans]{'a'mannA}, |al-qur'An-u| % \arb[voc]{al-qur'An-u} \arb[trans]{al-qur'An-u}. % % |jA'a| \arb[voc]{jA'a} \arb[trans]{jA'a}, |yatasA'alUna| % \arb[voc]{yatasA'alUna} \arb[trans]{yatasA'alUna}, |ridA'uN| % \arb[voc]{ridA'uN} \arb[trans]{ridA'uN}, |xaba'A| % \arb[voc]{xaba'A} \arb[trans]{xaba'A}, |yaxba'Ani| % \arb[voc]{yaxba'Ani} \arb[trans]{yaxba'Ani}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{^saddaT}} % \arb[trans]{ta^sdId} is either \emph{necessary} or \emph{euphonic}. % % \subparagraph{The necessary % \arb[trans]{ta^sdId}} \label{ref:necessary-tashdid}always follows a % vowel, whether short or long \parencite[see][i. 15 A--B]{Wright}. It % is encoded in writing the consonant that carries it twice: % \begin{quote} % |`allaqa| \arb[voc]{`allaqa} \arb[trans]{`allaqa}, |mAdduN| % \arb[voc]{mAdduN} \arb[trans]{mAdduN}, |'ammara| % \arb[voc]{'ammara} \arb[trans]{ammara}, |murruN| \arb[voc]{murruN} % \arb[trans]{murruN}. % \end{quote} % % \subparagraph{The euphonic \arb[trans]{ta^sdId}} % \label{ref:euphonic-tashdid} always follows a vowelless consonant % which is passed over in pronunciation and assimilated to a following % consonant. It may be found \parencite[i. 15 B--16 C]{Wright}:--- % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item With the \emph{solar} letters \arb[novoc]{t}, \arb[novoc]{_t}, % \arb[novoc]{d}, \arb[novoc]{_d}, \arb[novoc]{r}, \arb[novoc]{z}, % \arb[novoc]{s}, \arb[novoc]{^s}, \arb[novoc]{.s}, \arb[novoc]{.d}, % \arb[novoc]{.t}, \arb[novoc]{.z}, \arb[novoc]{l}, \arb[novoc]{n}, % after the article \arb[fullvoc]{al-}:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode}[text only] Unlike \package{arabtex} and \package{arabxetex}, \package{arabluatex} \emph{never requires the solar letter to be written twice}, as it automatically generates the euphonic \arb[trans]{ta^sdId} above the letter that carries it, whether the article be written in the assimilated form or not, e.g. |al-^sams-u| \arb[voc]{al-^sams-u} \arb[trans]{al-^sams-u}, or |a^s-^sams-u| \arb[voc]{a^s-^sams-u} \arb[trans]{a^s-^sams-u}. \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % \begin{quote} % |al-tamr-u| \arb[voc]{al-tamr-u} \arb[trans]{al-tamr-u}, % |al-ra.hm_an-u| \arb[voc]{al-ra.hm_an-u} % \arb[trans]{al-ra.hm_an-u}, |al-.zulm-u| \arb[voc]{al-.zulm-u} % \arb[trans]{al-.zulm-u}, |al-lu.gaT-u| \arb[voc]{al-lu.gaT-u} % \arb[trans]{al-lu.gaT-u}. % \end{quote} % \item \label{ref:assimilation} With the letters \arb[novoc]{r}, % \arb[novoc]{l}, \arb[novoc]{m}, \arb[novoc]{w}, \arb[novoc]{y} % after \arb[voc]{n} with \arb[trans]{jazmaT}, and also after the % \arb[trans]{tanwIn}:--- % \begin{quote} % Note the absence of \arb[trans]{sukUn} above the passed over % \arb[novoc]{n} in the following examples, each of which is % accompanied by a consistent transliteration: |min rabbi-hi| % \arb[fullvoc]{min rabbi-hi}, \arb[trans]{min rabbi-hi}, % |min| |layliN| \arb[fullvoc]{min layliN} \arb[trans]{min layliN}, % |'an| |yaqtula| \arb[fullvoc]{'an yaqtula} \arb[trans]{'an yaqtula}. % % With \arb[trans]{tanwIn}: |kitAbuN| |mubInuN| \arb[voc]{kitAbuN % mubInuN} \arb[trans]{kitAbuN mubInuN}. % \end{quote} % \item With the letter \arb[voc]{t} after the dentals % \arb[novoc]{_t}, \arb[novoc]{d}, \arb[novoc]{_d}, \arb[novoc]{.d}, % \arb[novoc]{.t}, \arb[novoc]{.z} in certain parts of the verb: % this kind of assimilation, e.g. \arb[voc]{labi_tttu} for % \arb[voc]{labi_ttu} \arb[trans]{labi_ttu}, will be discarded here, % as it is largely condemned by the % grammarians \parencite[see][i. 16 B--C]{Wright}. % \end{compactenum} % % \paragraph{The definite article and the \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i}} % At the beginning of a sentence, \arb[fullvoc]{"a} is never written, % as \arb[fullvoc]{'l-.hamd-u li-ll_ah-i}; instead, to indicate that % the \arb[trans]{'alif} is a connective \arb[trans]{'alif} % (\arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i}), the \arb[trans]{hamzaT} is % omitted and only its accompanying vowel is expressed: % \begin{quote} % |al-.hamd-u| |li-l-l_ah-i| \arb[fullvoc]{al-.hamd-u li-l-l_ah-i} % \arb[trans]{al-.hamd-u li-l-l_ah-i}. % \end{quote} % As said above on \cpageref{fullvoc-mode}, |fullvoc| is the mode % in which \package{arabluatex} expresses the \arb[trans]{sukUn} and % the \arb[trans]{wa.slaT}. \package{arabluatex} will take care of % doing that automatically provided that the vowel which is to be % absorbed by the final vowel of the preceding word is properly % encoded, like so:--- % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item Definite article at the beginning of a sentence is encoded\\ % \arabluaverb{al-}, or \arabluaverb{a-}\\ if one % wishes to mark the assimilation---which is in no way required, as % \package{arabulatex} will detect all cases of assimilation. % \item Definite article inside sentences is encoded\\ \arabluaverb{'l-} % or \arabluaverb{'-}. % \item In all remaining cases of elision, the \arb[trans]{'alifu % 'l-wa.sli} is expressed by the vowel that accompanies the omitted % \arb[trans]{hamzaT}: \meta{u, a, i}. % \end{compactenum} % \begin{quote} % \textbf{Article}: |bAb-u| |'l-madrasaT-i| \arb[fullvoc]{bAb-u % 'l-madrasaT-i} \arb[trans]{bAb-u 'l-madrasaT-i}, |al-maqAlaT-u| % |'l-'_Ul_A| \arb[fullvoc]{al-maqAlaT-u 'l-'_Ul_A} % \arb[trans]{al-maqAlaT-u 'l-'_Ul_A}, |al-lu.gaT-u| % |'l-`arabiyyaT-u| \arb[fullvoc]{al-lu.gaT-u 'l-`arabiyyaT-u} % \arb[trans]{al-lu.gaT-u 'l-`arabiyyaT-u}, |fI| |.sinA`aT-i| % |'l-.tibb-i| \arb[fullvoc]{fI .sinA`aT-i 'l-.tibb-i} % \arb[trans]{fI .sinA`aT-i 'l-.tibb-i}, |'il_A| |'l-intiqA.d-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{'il_A 'l-intiqA.d-i} \arb[trans]{'il_A % 'l-intiqA.d-i}, |fI| |'l-ibtidA'-i| \arb[fullvoc]{fI 'l-ibtidA'-i} % \arb[trans]{fI 'l-ibtidA'-i}, |'abU| |'l-wazIr-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{'abU 'l-wazIr-i} \arb[trans]{'abU 'l-wazIr-i}, % |fa-lammA| |ra'aW| |'l-najm-a| \arb[fullvoc]{fa-lammA ra'aW % 'l-najm-a} \arb[trans]{fa-lammA ra'aW 'l-najm-a}. % % \textbf{Particles}:--- % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item \arb[trans]{li-}: \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i} is omitted % in the article \arb[fullvoc]{al} when it is preceded by the % preposition \arb[fullvoc]{li}: |li-l-rajul-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{li-l-rajul-i} % \arb[trans]{li-l-rajul-i}.\\ % If the first letter of the noun be \arb[novoc]{l}, then the % \arb[novoc]{l} of the article also falls away, but % \package{arabluatex} is aware of that: |li-l-laylaT-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{li-l-laylaT-i} \arb[trans]{li-l-laylaT-i}. % \item \arb[trans]{la-}: the same applies to the affirmative % particle \arb[fullvoc]{la}: |la-l-.haqq-u| % \arb[fullvoc]{la-l-.haqq-u} \arb[trans]{la-l-.haqq-u}. % \item With the other particles, \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i} is % expressed: |fI| |'l-madInaT-i| \arb[fullvoc]{fI 'l-madInaT-i} % \arb[trans]{fI 'l-madInaT-i}, |wa-'l-rajul-u| % \arb[fullvoc]{wa-'l-rajul-u} \arb[trans]{wa-'l-rajul-u}, % |bi-'l-qalam-i| \arb[fullvoc]{bi-'l-qalam-i} % \arb[trans]{bi-'l-qalam-i}, |bi-'l-ru`b-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{bi-'l-ru`b-i} \arb[trans]{bi-'l-ru`b-i}. % \end{compactenum} % % \textbf{Perfect active, imperative, nomen actionis}: |qAla| % |isma`| \arb[fullvoc]{qAla isma`} \arb[trans]{qAla isma`}, |qAla| % |uqtul| \arb[fullvoc]{qAla uqtul} \arb[trans]{qAla uqtul}, |huwa| % |inhazama| \arb[fullvoc]{huwa inhazama} \arb[trans]{huwa % inhazama}, |wa-ustu`mila| \arb[fullvoc]{wa-ustu`mila} % \arb[trans]{wa-ustu`mila}, |qad-i| |in.sarafa| \arb[fullvoc]{qadi % in.sarafa} \arb[trans]{qadi in.sarafa}, |al-iqtidAr-u| % \arb[fullvoc]{al-iqtidAr-u} \arb[trans]{al-iqtidAr-u}, |'il_A| % |'l-intiqA.d-i| \arb[fullvoc]{'il_A 'l-intiqA.d-i} % \arb[trans]{'il_A 'l-intiqA.d-i}, |lawi| |istaqbala| % \arb[fullvoc]{lawi istaqbala} \arb[trans]{lawi istaqbala}. % % \textbf{Other cases}: |'awi| |ismu-hu| \arb[fullvoc]{'awi ismu-hu} % \arb[trans]{'awi ismu-hu}, |zayduN| |ibn-u| |`amriNU| % \arb[fullvoc]{\cap{z}ayduN ibn-u \cap{`amriNU}} % \arb[trans]{\cap{z}ayduN ibn-u % \cap{`amriNU}},\footnote{\label{fn:zayd-is-son}% % \enquote{\arb[trans]{\cap{z}ayd} is the son of % \arb[trans]{\cap{`a}mr}}: the second noun is not in apposition to % the first, but forms part of the predicate. Hence \arb[voc]{zayduN % ibn-u `amriNU} and not \arb[voc]{zayd-u bn-u `amriNU}, % \enquote{Zayd, son of ʿAmr}.} |`umar-u| |ibn-u| |'l-_ha.t.tAb-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{\cap{`umar}-u ibn-u \cap{'l-_ha.t.tAb-i}} % \arb[trans]{\cap{`umar}-u ibn-u % \cap{'l-_ha.t.tAb-i}},\footnote{\enquote{\arb[trans]{\cap{`umar}} % is the son of \arb[trans]{\cap{al-_ha.t.tAb}}} (see % \vref{fn:zayd-is-son}).} |imru'-u| |'l-qays-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{imru'-u 'l-qays-i} \arb[trans]{\cap{i}mru'-u % \cap{'l-qays-i}}, |la-aymun-u| |'l-l_ah-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{la-aymun-u 'l-l_ah-i} \arb[trans]{la-aymun-u % 'l-l_ah-i}. % \end{quote} % % \subparagraph{\arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i} preceded by a long % vowel} The long vowel preceding the connective \arb[trans]{'alif} is % shortened in pronunciation \parencite[i. 21 B--D]{Wright}. This does % not appear in the Arabic script, but \package{arabluatex} takes it % into account in some transliteration standards:--- % \begin{quote} % |fI| |'l-nAs-i| \arb[fullvoc]{fI 'l-nAs-i} \arb[trans]{fI % 'l-nAs-i}, |'abU| |'l-wazIr-i| \arb[fullvoc]{'abU 'l-wazIr-i} % \arb[trans]{'abU 'l-wazIr-i}, |fI| |'l-ibtidA'-i| \arb[fullvoc]{fI % 'l-ibtidA'-i} \arb[trans]{fI 'l-ibtidA'-i}, |_dU 'l-i`lAl-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{_dU 'l-i`lAl-i} \arb[trans]{_dU 'l-i`lAl-i}, % |maqh_A| |'l-'amIr-i| \arb[voc]{maqh_A 'l-'amIr-i} % \arb[trans]{maqh_A 'l-'amIr-i}. % \end{quote} % % \subparagraph{\arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i} preceded by a diphthong} % The diphthong is resolved into two simple vowels \parencite[i. 21 % D--22 A]{Wright} viz. \emph{ay}~→ \emph{\u{a}\u{i}} and \emph{aw}~→ % \emph{\u{a}\u{u}}. \package{arabluatex} detects the cases in which % this rule applies:--- % \begin{quote} % |fI| |`aynay| |'l-malik-i| \arb[fullvoc]{fI `aynay 'l-malik-i} % \arb[trans]{fI `aynay 'l-malik-i}, |ix^say| |'l-qawm-a| % \arb[fullvoc]{ix^say 'l-qawm-a} \arb[trans]{ix^say 'l-qawm-a}, % |mu.s.tafaw| |'l-l_ah-i| \arb[fullvoc]{mu.s.tafaw 'l-l_ah-i} % \arb[trans]{mu.s.tafaw 'l-l_ah-i}. % % |ramaW| |'l-.hijAraT-a| \arb[fullvoc]{ramaW 'l-.hijAraT-a} % \arb[trans]{ramaW 'l-.hijAraT-a}, |fa-lammA| |ra'aW | |'l-najm-a| % \arb[fullvoc]{fa-lammA ra'aW 'l-najm-a} \arb[trans]{fa-lammA ra'aW % 'l-najm-a}. % \end{quote} % % \subparagraph{\arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i} preceded by a consonant % with \arb[trans]{sukUn}} The vowel which the consonant takes is % either its original vowel, or that which belongs to the connective % \arb[trans]{'alif} or the \arb[trans]{kasraT}; in most of the % cases \parencite[i. 22 A--C]{Wright}, it is encoded explicitly, like % so:--- % \begin{quote} % |'antumu| |'l-kA_dib-Una| \arb[fullvoc]{'antumu 'l-kA_dib-Una} % \arb[trans]{'antumu 'l-kA_dib-Una}, |ra'aytumu| |'l-rajul-a| % \arb[fullvoc]{ra'aytumu 'l-rajul-a} \arb[trans]{ra'aytumu % 'l-rajul-a}, |mani| |'l-ka_d_dAb-u| \arb[fullvoc]{mani % 'l-ka_d_dAb-u} \arb[trans]{mani 'l-ka_d_dAb-u}, |qatalati| % |'l-rUm-u| \arb[fullvoc]{qatalati 'l-rUm-u} \arb[trans]{qatalati % \cap{'l-rUm-u}}. % \end{quote} % \label{ref:muhammaduni} % However, the Arabic script does not shows the \arb[trans]{kasraT} % which is taken by the nouns having \arb[trans]{tanwIn} although it % is explicit in pronunciation and must appear in some transliteration % standards. \package{arabluatex} takes care of that automatically:--- % \begin{quote} % |mu.hammaduN| |'l-nabI| \arb[fullvoc]{mu.hammaduN 'l-nabI} % \arb[trans]{\cap{m}u.hammaduN 'l-nabI}. % \end{quote} % % \subsection{Special orthographies} % \paragraph{The name of God} % The name of God, \arb[voc]{al-l_ahu}, is compounded of the article % \arb[fullvoc]{al-}, and \arb[fullvoc]{'ilAh-u} (noted % \arb[fullvoc]{'il_ah-u} with the defective \arb[trans]{'alif}) so % that it becomes \arb[fullvoc]{al-'ilAh-u}; then the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} is suppressed, its vowel being transferred to % the \arb[novoc]{l} before it, so that there remains % \arb[voc]{alil_ah-u} \parencite[I refer to][I. 83 % col. 1]{Lane}. Finally, the first \arb[novoc]{l} is made quiescent % and incorporated into the other, hence the \arb[trans]{ta^sdId} % above it. As \package{arabluatex} never requires a solar letter to % be written twice (see above, \vpageref{ref:euphonic-tashdid}), the % name of God is therefore encoded |al-l_ah-u| or |'l-l_ah-u|:--- % \begin{quote} % |al-l_ah-u| \arb[fullvoc]{al-l_ah-u} \arb[trans]{al-l_ah-u}, % \verb+yA|+\footnote{\label{fn:pipe-allah-01}Note the % \enquote{pipe} character \enquote*{\textbar} here after |yA| and % below after |fa| before footnote mark \ref{fn:pipe-allah-02}: it % is needed by the |dmg| transliteration mode as in this mode any % vowel at the commencement of a word preceded by a word that ends % with a vowel, either short or long, is absorbed by this vowel % viz. \arb[trans]{`al_A 'l-.tarIq-i}. See \vref{sec:pipe} on the % \enquote{pipe} and \vref{sec:transliteration} on |dmg| mode.} % |al-l_ah-u| \arb[fullvoc]{yA| al-l_ah-u} \arb[trans]{yA| % al-l_ah-u}, \verb+'a-fa|+\footnote{\label{fn:pipe-allah-02}See % \cref{fn:pipe-allah-01}.}|-al-l_ah-i| |la-ta.g`alanna| % \arb[fullvoc]{'a-fa|-al-l_ah-i la-ta.g`alanna} % \arb[trans]{'a-fa|-al-l_ah-i la-ta.g`alanna}, |bi-'l-l_ah-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{bi-'l-l_ah-i} \arb[trans]{bi-'l-l_ah-i}, % |wa-'l-l_ah-i| \arb[fullvoc]{wa-'l-l_ah-i} % \arb[trans]{wa-'l-l_ah-i}, |bi-sm-i| |'l-l_ah-i| % \arb[fullvoc]{bi-sm-i 'l-l_ah-i} \arb[trans]{bi-sm-i 'l-l_ah-i}, % |al-.hamd-u| |li-l-l_ah-i| \arb[fullvoc]{al-.hamd-u li-l-l_ah-i} % \arb[trans]{al-.hamd-u li-l-l_ah-i}, |li-l-l_ah-i| |'l-qA'il-u| % \arb[fullvoc]{li-l-l_ah-i 'l-qA'il-u} \arb[trans]{li-l-l_ah-i % 'l-qA'il-u}. % \end{quote} % % \paragraph{The conjunctive \arb[voc]{alla_dI}} % Although it is compounded of the article \arb[fullvoc]{al}, the % demonstrative letter \arb[novoc]{l} and the demonstrative pronoun % \arb[voc]{_dA}, both masculine and feminine forms that are written % defectively are encoded |alla_dI| and |allatI| respectively. Forms % starting with the connective \arb[trans]{'alif} are encoded % |'lla_dI| and |'llatI|:--- % \begin{quote} % |'a_hAfu| |mina| |'l-malik-i| |'lla_dI| |ya.zlimu| |'l-nAs-a| % \arb[fullvoc]{'a_hAfu mina 'l-malik-i 'lla_dI ya.zlimu 'l-nAs-a} % \arb[trans]{'a_hAfu mina 'l-malik-i 'lla_dI ya.zlimu 'l-nAs-a}, % |`udtu| |'l-^say_h-a| |'lla_dI| |huwa| |marI.duN| % \arb[fullvoc]{`udtu 'l-^say_h-a 'lla_dI huwa marI.duN} % \arb[trans]{`udtu 'l-^say_h-a 'lla_dI huwa marI.duN}, |mA| |'anA| % |bi-'lla_dI| |qA'iluN| |la-ka| |^say'aN| \arb[fullvoc]{mA 'anA % bi-'lla_dI qA'iluN la-ka ^say'aN} \arb[trans]{mA 'anA bi-'lla_dI % qA'iluN la-ka ^say'aN}. % % |'ari-nA| |'lla_dayni| |'a.dallA-nA| |mina| |'l-jinn-i| % |wa-'l-'ins-i| \arb[fullvoc]{'ari-nA 'lla_dayni 'a.dallA-nA mina % 'l-jinn-i wa-'l-'ins-i} \arb[trans]{'ari-nA 'lla_dayni 'a.dallA-nA % mina 'l-jinn-i wa-'l-'ins-i}. % \end{quote} % The other forms are encoded regularly as |al-l| or |'l-l|:--- % \begin{quote} % |fa-'innA| |na_dkuru| |'l-.sawt-ayni| |'l-la_dayni| |rawaynA-humA| % |`an| |ja.h.zaT-a| \arb[fullvoc]{fa-'innA na_dkuru 'l-.sawt-ayni % 'l-la_dayni rawaynA-humA `an \cap{ja.h.zaT-a}} % \arb[trans]{fa-'innA na_dkuru 'l-.sawt-ayni 'l-la_dayni % rawaynA-humA `an \cap{ja.h.zaT-a}}. % % And also: |al-la_dAni| \arb[fullvoc]{al-la_dAni} % \arb[trans]{al-la_dAni}, |al-la_dayni| \arb[fullvoc]{al-la_dayni} % \arb[trans]{al-la_dayni}, |al-latAni| \arb[fullvoc]{al-latAni} % \arb[trans]{al-latAni}, |al-latayni| \arb[fullvoc]{al-latayni} % \arb[trans]{al-latayni}, |al-lAtI| \arb[fullvoc]{al-lAtI} % \arb[trans]{al-lAtI}, % \verb+al-lA'|Ati+\footnote{\label{fn:pipe-madda}Note here the % \enquote{pipe} character \enquote*{\textbar}: as already stated % \vpageref{ref:madda}, the sequence |'A| usually encodes % \arb[trans]{'alif} with \arb[trans]{hamzaT} followed by % \arb[trans]{'alif} of prolongation, which is represented in writing % \arb[trans]{'alif} with \arb[trans]{maddaT}: \arb[voc]{A"'}. The % \enquote{pipe} character prevents this rule from being % applied. See \vref{sec:pipe}.} \arb[fullvoc]{al-lA'|Ati} % \arb[trans]{al-lA'|Ati}, |al-lA'I| \arb[fullvoc]{al-lA'I} % \arb[trans]{al-lA'I}, and so forth. % \end{quote} % % \subsection{Quoting} % \label{sec:quoting} % It is here referred to \enquote{quoting} after the package % \package{arabtex}.\footnote{See \textcite[22]{pkg:arabtex}} The % \enquote{quoting} mechanism of \package{arabluatex} is designed to % be very similar in effect to the one of \package{arabtex}. % % To start with an example, suppose one types the following in |novoc| % mode: \arb[novoc]{`ullima `ilm-a 'l-hay'aT-i}; is it % \arb[fullvoc]{`ullima}, \emph{he was taught the science of % astronomy}, or \arb[fullvoc]{`allama}, \emph{he taught the science % of astronomy}? In order to disambiguate this clause, it may be % sensible to put a \arb[trans]{.dammaT} above the first \arb[voc]{`}: % \arb[novoc]{`"ullima `ilm-a 'l-hay'aT-i}, which is achieved by % \enquote{quoting} the vowel |u|, like so: |`"ullima|, or, with no % other vowel than the required |u|: |`"ullm|. % % This is how the \enquote{quoting} mechanism works: metaphorically % speaking, it acts as a \emph{toggle switch}. If something, in a % given mode, is supposed to be visible, \enquote{quoting} hides it; % conversely, if it is supposed not to, it makes it visible. % % As shown above, \enquote{quoting} means inserting one straight % double quote (|"|) \emph{before} the letter that is to be acted % upon. Its effects depend on the mode which is currently selected, % either |novoc|, |voc| or |fullvoc|:--- % % \paragraph{\texttt{novoc}} In this mode, \enquote{quoting} % essentially means make visible something that ought not to be so. % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item Quoting a vowel, either short or long, makes the % \arb[trans]{.dammaT}, \arb[trans]{fat.haT} or \arb[trans]{kasraT} % appear above the appropriate consonant:--- % \begin{quote} % |`"ullima| |`ilm-a| |'l-hay'aT-i| \arb[novoc]{`"ullima `ilm-a % 'l-hay'aT-i} \arb[trans]{`"ullima `ilm-a 'l-hay'aT-i}, |ya.gz"UA| % \arb[novoc]{ya.gz"UA} \arb[trans]{ya.gz"UA}. % \end{quote} % \item The same applies when \enquote{quoting} the % \arb[trans]{tanwIn}:--- % \begin{quote} % |wa-'innA| |sawfa| |tudriku-nA| |'l-manAyA| |muqadd"araT"aN| % \arb[novoc]{wa-'innA sawfa tudriku-nA 'l-manAyA muqadd"araT"aN}, % \arb[trans]{wa-'innA sawfa tudriku-nA 'l-manAyA muqadd"araT"aN}. % \end{quote} % \item \label{ref:quoted-sukun-b}If no vowel follows the straight % double quote, then a \arb[trans]{sukUn} is put above the preceding % consonant:--- % \begin{quote} % |qAla isma`"| \arb[novoc]{qAla isma`"} \arb[trans]{qAla isma`"}, % |jA'at"| |hinduN| \arb[voc]{jA'at" \cap{hinduN}} % \arb[trans]{jA'at" \cap{hinduN}}, |^sabIhuN| |bi-man| |q"u.ti`at"| % |qadamA-hu| \arb[novoc]{^sabIhuN bi-man q"u.ti`at" qadamA-hu} % \arb[trans]{^sabIhuN bi-man q"u.ti`at" qadamA-hu}. % \end{quote} % \item At the commencement of a word, the straight double quote is % interpreted as \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i}:--- % \begin{quote} % |wa-"ust"u`mila| \arb[novoc]{wa-"ust"u`mila} % \arb[trans]{wa-"ust"u`mila}, |huwa| |"inhazama| \arb[novoc]{huwa % "inhazama} \arb[trans]{huwa "inhazama}, |al-"intiqA.du| % \arb[novoc]{al-"intiqA.du} \arb[trans]{al-"intiqA.du}. % \end{quote} % \end{compactenum} % % \paragraph{\texttt{voc}} % In accordance with the general rule, in this mode, \enquote{quoting} % makes the vowels and the \arb[trans]{tanwIn} disappear, should this % feature be required for some reason:--- % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item Short and long vowels:--- % \begin{quote} % |q"Ala q"A'iluN| \arb[voc]{q"Ala q"A'iluN} \arb[trans]{q"Ala % q"A'iluN}, |ibn-u 'abI 'u.saybi`aT-"a| \arb[voc]{ibn-u 'abI % 'u.saybi`aT-"a} \arb[trans]{\cap{ibn-u} \cap{'abI} % \cap{'u.saybi`aT-"a}}. % \end{quote} % \item \arb[trans]{tanwIn}:--- % \begin{quote} % |madInaT"aN| \arb[voc]{madInaT"aN} \arb[trans]{madInaT"aN}, % |bAb"aN| \arb[voc]{bAb"aN} \arb[trans]{bAb"aN}, |hud"aN_A| % \arb[voc]{hud"aN_A} \arb[trans]{hud"aN_A}, |^say'"iN| % \arb[voc]{^say'"iN} \arb[trans]{^say'"iN}. % \end{quote} % \end{compactenum} % One may more usefully \enquote{quote} the initial vowels to write % the \arb[trans]{wa.slaT} above the \arb[trans]{'alif} or insert a % straight double quote after a consonant not followed by a vowel to % make the \arb[trans]{sukUn} appear:--- % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i}:--- % \begin{quote} % |fI "istisqA'-a| \arb[voc]{fI "istisqA'-a} \arb[trans]{fI % "istisqA'-a}, |wa-"istisqA'-u| \arb[voc]{wa-"istisqA'-u} % \arb[trans]{wa-"istisqA'-u}, |qAla| |"uhrub| |fa-lan| |tuqtala| % \arb[voc]{qAla "uhrub fa-lan tuqtala} \arb[trans]{qAla "uhrub % fa-lan tuqtala}. % \end{quote} % \item \arb[trans]{sukUn}:--- % \begin{quote} % |qAla| |"uqtul"| |fa-lan| |tuqtala| \arb[voc]{qAla "uqtul" % fa-lan tuqtala} \arb[trans]{qAla "uqtul" fa-lan tuqtala}, |mA| % |jA'at"| |mini| |imra'aTiN| \arb[voc]{mA jA'at" mini imra'aTiN} % \arb[trans]{mA jA'at" mini imra'aTiN}, |kam"| |qad"| |ma.dat"| % |min"| |laylaTiN| \arb[voc]{kam" qad" ma.dat" min" laylaTiN} % \arb[trans]{kam" qad" ma.dat" min" % laylaTiN}.\label{ref:quoted-sukun-e} % \end{quote} % \end{compactenum} % % \paragraph{\texttt{fullvoc}} % In this mode, \enquote{quoting} may be used to take away any short % vowel (or \arb[trans]{tanwIn}, as seen above) or any % \arb[trans]{sukUn}:--- % \begin{quote}\label{ref:qrannun-full} % |al-jamr-u| |'l-.sayfiyy-u| |'lla_dI| |kAna| % \verb+bi-q"rAn"|nUn-a+ \arb[fullvoc]{al-jamr-u 'l-.sayfiyy-u % 'lla_dI kAna \cap{bi-q"rAn"|nUn-a}} \arb[trans]{al-jamr-u % 'l-.sayfiyy-u 'lla_dI kAna \cap{bi-q"rAn"|nUn-a}}. % \end{quote} % % \subsubsection{\texorpdfstring{Quoting the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT}}{Quoting the hamza}} % \label{sec:quoting-hamza} % As said above in \vref{ref:hamza}, the \arb[trans]{hamzaT} is always % written \meta{\texttt{'}}, its carrier being determined by contextual % analysis. \enquote{Quoting} that straight single quote character % like so: \meta{\texttt{"'}} allows to determine the carrier of the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} freely, without any consideration for the % context. \Cref{tab:quoted-hamza} gives the equivalents for all the % possible carriers the \arb[trans]{hamzaT} may take: % \begin{longtable}{llll} % \captionlistentry{\enquote{Quoted} \arb[trans]{hamzaT}}\\[-1em] % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration\footnotemark} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endfirsthead % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endhead \footnotetext{See below \vref{sec:transliteration}.} % \label{tab:quoted-hamza} % \arb[novoc]{|"'} & \dmg{|"'} & \loc{|"'} & \verb+|"'+ \\ % \arb[novoc]{A"'} & \dmg{A"'} & \loc{A"'} & \verb|A"'| \\ % \arb[novoc]{a"'} & \dmg{a"'} & \loc{a"'} & \verb|a"'| \\ % \arb[novoc]{u"'} & \dmg{u"'} & \loc{u"'} & \verb|u"'| \\ % \arb[novoc]{w"'} & \dmg{w"'} & \loc{w"'} & \verb|w"'| \\ % \arb[novoc]{i"'} & \dmg{i"'} & \loc{i"'} & \verb|i"'| \\ % \arb[novoc]{y"'} & \dmg{y"'} & \loc{y"'} & \verb|y"'| \\ % \bottomrule % \caption*{\Cref*{tab:quoted-hamza}: \enquote{Quoted} \arb[trans]{hamzaT}} % \end{longtable} % % As one can see from \vref{tab:quoted-hamza}, the carrier of the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} is inferred from the letter that precedes the % straight double quote \meta{\texttt{"}}. Of course, any % \enquote{quoted} \arb[trans]{hamzaT} may take a short vowel, which % is to be written \emph{after} the Arab\TeX\ equivalent for the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} itself, namely \meta{\texttt{'}}. For example, % \arb[voc]{w"'a} is encoded \meta{\texttt{w"'a}}, while % \arb[voc]{w"'"} is encoded \meta{\texttt{w"'"}}. In the latter % example, the second straight double quote encodes the % \arb[trans]{sukUn} in |voc| mode in accordance with the rule laid % above \vpagerefrange{ref:quoted-sukun-b}{ref:quoted-sukun-e}. % \begin{quote} % |'a`dA'ukum| \arb[fullvoc]{'a`dA'ukum} \arb[trans]{'a`dA'ukum}, % \verb+'a`dA|"'ukum+ \arb[fullvoc]{'a`daA"'|"'ukum} % \arb[trans]{'a`dA|"'ukum}, |'a`dA'ikum| \arb[fullvoc]{'a`dA'ikum} % \arb[trans]{'a`dA'ikum}, \verb+'a`dA|"'ikum+ % \arb[fullvoc]{'a`daA"'|"'ikum} \arb[trans]{'a`dA|"'ikum}. % \end{quote} % % \subsection{The \enquote{pipe} character (\textbar)} % \label{sec:pipe} % In the terminology of Arab\TeX, the \enquote{pipe} character % \enquote*{\textbar} is referred to as the \enquote{invisible % consonant}. Hence, as already seen above in % \vref{sec:quoting-hamza}, its usage to encode the % \arb[trans]{hamzaT} alone, with no carrier: \verb+|"'+ % \arb[novoc]{|"'}. % % Aside from that usage, the \enquote{pipe} character is used to % prevent almost any of the contextual analysis rules that are % described above from being applied. Two examples have already been % given to demonstrate how that particular mechanism works in % \vref{fn:pipe-allah-01} and in \vref{fn:pipe-madda}. One more example % follows:--- % \begin{quote} % \verb+bi-qrAn|nUn-a+ \arb[voc]{\cap{bi-qrAn|nUn-a}} % \arb[trans]{\cap{bi-qrAn|nUn-a}}, \enquote{in Crannon} (Thessaly, % Greece).\footnote{See more context \vpageref{ref:qrannun-full}.} % \end{quote} % As one can see, the \enquote{pipe} character between the two % \meta{n} prevents the necessary \arb[trans]{ta^sdId} rule % (\cpageref{ref:necessary-tashdid}) from being applied. % % \subsection{\texorpdfstring{Stretching characters: the % \arb[trans]{ta.twIl}}{Stretching characters: the taṭwīl}} % \label{sec:tatwil} % A double hyphen \meta{-\,-} stretches the ligature in which one % letter is bound to another. Although it is always better to rely on % automatic stretching, this technique may be used to a modest extent, % especially to increase legibility of letters and diacritics which % stand one above the other:-- % \begin{quote} % |.hunayn-u| |bn-u| |'is.h--_aq-a| \arb[voc]{.hunayn-u bn-u % 'is.h--_aq-a} \arb[trans]{\cap{.hunayn-u} bn-u \cap{'is.h--_aq-a}} % \end{quote} % % \subsection{Digits} % \label{sec:digits} % \subsubsection{Numerical figures} % \label{sec:numerical-figures} % The \emph{Indian numbers}, \arb[trans]{al-raqam-u 'l-hindiyy-u}, are % ten in number, and they are compounded in exactly the same way as % our numerals:--- % \begin{quote} % |1874| \arb[voc]{1874}, |123-456,789| \arb[voc]{123-456,789}, |fI| % |sanaT-i| |1024| \arb[voc]{fI sanaT-i 1024} % \end{quote} % % \subsubsection{The \emph{abjad}} % \label{sec:abjad} % The numbers may also be expressed with letters from right to left % arranged in accordance with the order of the Hebrew and Aramaic % alphabets \parencite[see][i. 28 B--C]{Wright}. The % \arb[trans]{'abjad} numbers are usually distinguished from the % surrounding words by a stroke placed over them. % % \DescribeMacro{\abjad} \NEWfeature{v.1.1} \arb[trans]{'abjad} % numbers are inserted with the command \cs{abjad}\marg{number} in any % of the |voc|, |fullvoc| and |novoc| modes, where \meta{number} may % be any number between 1 and 1999, like so:--- % \begin{quote} % |\abjad{45}| |kitAbu-hu| |fI| |'l-`AdAt-i| \arb[voc]{\abjad{45} % kitAbu-hu fI 'l-`AdAt-i} \arb[trans]{\abjad{45} kitAbu-hu fI % 'l-`AdAt-i}. % \end{quote} % \begin{quoting} % \textsc{Rem.}~\emph{a.} As can be seen in the above given example, % \package{arabluatex} expresses the \arb[trans]{'abjad} numbers in % Roman numerals if it finds the command \cs{abjad} in any of the % transliteration modes. % % \textsc{Rem.}~\emph{b.} \cs{abjad} may also be found outside % Arabic environments. In that case, \package{arabluatex} does not % print the stroke as a distinctive mark over the number for it is % not surrounded by other Arabic words. In case one nonetheless % wishes to print the stroke, he can use the \cs{aemph} command that % is described below in \vref{sec:emphasis}:--- % \begin{quote} % |The| |\arb[trans]{'abjad}| |number| |for| |1874| |is| % |\abjad{1874}| The \arb[trans]{'abjad} number for 1874 is % \abjad{1874}. % % |The| |\arb[trans]{'abjad}| |number| |for| |1874| |is| % |\aemph{\abjad{1874}}| The \arb[trans]{'abjad} number for 1874 % is \aemph{\abjad{1874}}. % \end{quote} % \end{quoting} % % \subsection{Additional characters} % \label{sec:additional-characters} % In the manuscripts, the unpointed letters, \arb[trans]{al-.hurUfu % 'l-muhmalaTu}, are sometimes further distinguished from the pointed % by various contrivances, as explained in \textcite[i. 4 % B--C]{Wright}. One may find these letters written in a smaller size % below the line, or with a dot or another mark below. As representing % all the possible contrivances leads to much complexity and also % needs to be agreed among scholars, new ways of encoding them will be % proposed and gradually included as \package{arabluatex} will mature. % % For the time being, the following is included:--- % \begin{longtable}{llll} % \captionlistentry{Additional Arabic codings}\\[-1em] % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration\footnotemark} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endfirsthead % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration} % & Arab\TeX\ notation \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & \\ \midrule % \endhead \footnotetext{See below \vref{sec:transliteration}.} % \label{tab:additional-arabic-codings} % \arb[novoc]{.b} & \dmg{.b} & \loc{.b} & |.b| \\ % \arb[novoc]{^d} & \dmg{^d} & \loc{^d} & |^d| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.f} & \dmg{.f} & \loc{.f} & |.f| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.q} & \dmg{.q} & \loc{.q} & |.q| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.k} & \dmg{.k} & \loc{.k} & |.k| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.n} & \dmg{.n} & \loc{.n} & |.n| \\ % \arb[novoc]{((} & \dmg{((} & \loc{((} & |((| \\ % \arb[novoc]{))} & \dmg{))} & \loc{))} & |))| \\ % \bottomrule % \caption*{\Cref*{tab:additional-arabic-codings}: Additional Arabic % codings} % \end{longtable} % % \begin{quote} % |'afAman.tUs| Gal.(M) |.fmn.n.ts| (sic) Gal.(E1), % \arb[novoc]{'afAman.tUs} Gal.(M) \arb[novoc]{.fmn.n.ts} (sic) % Gal.(E1), \arb[trans]{'afAman.tUs} Gal.(M) \arb[trans]{.fmn.n.ts} % (sic) Gal.(E1). % \end{quote} % % \subsection{Arabic emphasis} % \label{sec:emphasis} % As already seen in \vref{sec:abjad}, the \arb[trans]{'abjad} numbers % are distinguished from the surrounding words by a stroke placed % over them. This technique is used to distinguish further words that % are proper names or book titles. % % \DescribeMacro{\aemph} One may use the command \cs{aemph}\marg{Arabic % text} to use the same technique to emphasize words, like so:--- % \begin{quote} % |\abjad{45}:| |kitAbu-hu| |\aemph{fI| |'l-`AdAt-i}| % \arb[voc]{\abjad{45}: kitAbu-hu \aemph{fI 'l-`AdAt-i}} % \arb[trans]{\abjad{45}: kitAbu-hu fI 'l-\cap{`AdAt-i}}. % \end{quote} % % \section{Special applications} % \label{sec:special-applications} % \paragraph{Linguistics} % The same horizontal stroke as the \arb[trans]{ta.twIl} (see % \vref{sec:tatwil}) may be encoded \meta{B}; \meta{BB} will receive % the \arb[trans]{ta^sdId}. This is useful to make linguistic % annotations and comments on vowels:--- % \begin{quote} % |Bu| |Ba| |Bi| |BuN| |BaN| |BiN| \arb[voc]{Bu Ba Bi BuN BaN BiN} % \arb[trans]{Bu Ba Bi BuN BaN BiN}, |BBu| |BBa| |BBi| \arb[voc]{BBu % BBa BBi} \arb[trans]{BBu BBa BBi}, |B--aN| \arb[voc]{B--aN} % \arb[trans]{B--aN}, |B"| \arb[voc]{B"}\,. % \end{quote} % % \section{Transliteration} % \label{sec:transliteration} % It may be more appropriate to speak of \enquote{romanization} than % \enquote{transliteration} of Arabic. As seen above in % \cref{sec:options} \vpagerefrange{sec:options}{sec:local-options}, % the \enquote{transliteration mode} may be selected globally or locally. % % This mode transliterates the Arab\TeX\ input into one of the % accepted standards. As said above \vpageref{ref:describe-trans}, two % standards are supported at present: % \begin{compactdesc} % \item[dmg] \emph{Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft}, which was % adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in % Rome in 1935.\footnote{See \textcite{dmg}.} |dmg| transliteration % convention is selected by default; % \item[loc] \emph{Library of Congress}: this standard is part of a % large set of standards for romanization of non-roman scripts % adopted by the American Library Association and the Library of % Congress.\footnote{See % \url{http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/roman.html} for the % \href{http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/arabic.pdf}{source % document concerning Arabic language}.} % \end{compactdesc} % More standards will be included in future releases of % \package{arabluatex}. % % \paragraph{Convention} \DescribeMacro{\SetTranslitConvention} The % transliteration mode, which is set to |dmg| by default, may be % changed at any point of the document by the command % \cs{SetTranslitConvention}\marg{mode}, where \meta{mode} may be % either |dmg| or |loc|. This command is also accepted in the preamble % should one wish to set the transliteration mode globally, eg.:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluaverbatim} \usepackage{arabluatex} \SetTranslitConvention{loc} \end{arabluaverbatim} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \paragraph{Style} \DescribeMacro{\SetTranslitStyle} Any % transliterated Arabic text is printed in italics by default. This % also can be changed either globally in the preamble or locally at % any point of the document by the command % \cs{SetTranslitStyle}\marg{style}, where \meta{style} may be any % font shape selection command, eg. \cs{upshape}, \cs{itshape}, % \cs{slshape}, and so forth. % % \paragraph{Font} \NEWfeature{v1.4} \DescribeMacro{\SetTranslitFont} % \cs{SetTranslitFont}\marg{font selection command} allows any % specific font to be selected for rendering transliterated text with % the font-selecting commands of the \package{fontspec} or % \package{luaotfload} package. Of course, this font must have been % defined properly. To take one example, here is how the \emph{Gentium % Plus} font may be used for rendering transliterated text:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluaverbatim} \newfontfamily\translitfont{Gentium Plus}[Ligatures=TeX] \SetTranslitFont{\translitfont} \end{arabluaverbatim} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \paragraph{Proper names} \DescribeMacro{\cap} Proper names or book % titles that must have their first letters uppercased may be passed % as arguments to the command \cs{cap}\marg{word}. \cs{cap} is a % clever command, for it will give the definite article % \arb[trans]{al-} in lower case in all positions. Moreover, if the % inital letter, apart from the article, cannot be uppercased, % viz. \arb[trans]{|"'} or \arb[trans]{`}, the letter next to it will be % uppercased:--- % \begin{quote} % |\cap{.hunayn-u}| |bn-u| |\cap{'is.h_aq-a}| % \arb[voc]{\cap{.hunayn-u} bn-u \cap{'is.h_aq-a}} % \arb[trans]{\cap{.hunayn-u} bn-u \cap{'is.h_aq-a}}, % |\cap{`u_tm_an-u}| \arb[voc]{\cap{`u_tm_an-u}} % \arb[trans]{\cap{`u_tm_an-u}}, |.daraba| |\cap{zayd-u}| |bn-u| % |\cap{_h_alidiN}| |\cap{sa`d-a}| |bn-a| |\cap{`awf-i}| |bn-i| % |\cap{`abd-i}| |\cap{'l-l_ah-i}| \arb[fullvoc]{.daraba % \cap{zayd-u} bn-u \cap{_h_alidiN} \cap{sa`d-a} bn-a \cap{`awf-i} % bn-i \cap{`abd-i} \cap{'l-l_ah-i}} \arb[trans]{.daraba % \cap{zayd-u} bn-u \cap{_h_alidiN} \cap{sa`d-a} bn-a \cap{`awf-i} % bn-i \cap{`abd-i} \cap{'l-l_ah-i}}. % \end{quote} % However, \cs{cap} must be used cautiously in some very particular % cases, for the closing brace of its argument may prevent a rule from % being applied. To take an example, as seen above % \vpageref{ref:muhammaduni}, the transliteration of % \arb[fullvoc]{\cap{m}u.hammaduN 'l-nabI} must be % \arb[trans]{\cap{m}u.hammaduN 'l-nabI}, as nouns having the % \arb[trans]{tanwIn} take a \arb[trans]{kasraT} in pronunciation % before \arb[trans]{'alifu 'l-wa.sli}. In that case, encoding % \arb[fullvoc]{mu.hammaduN} like so: |\cap{mu.hammaduN}| is wrong, % because the closing brace would prevent \package{arabluatex} from % detecting the sequence \meta{-uN} immediately followed by % \meta{'-l}. Fortunately, this can be circumvented in a % straightforward way by inserting only part of the noun in the % argument of \cs{cap} vz. up to the first letter that is to be % uppercased, like so: |\cap{m}u.hammaduN|. % % \paragraph{Hyphenation} % In case transliterated Arabic words break the \TeX\ hyphenation % algorithm, one may use the command |\-| to insert discretionary % hyphens. This command will be discarded in all of the Arabic modes % of \package{arabluatex}, but will be processed by any of the % transliteration modes:--- % \begin{quote} % |\cap{'abU}| |\cap{bakriN}| |\cap{mu\-.ham\-madu}| |bnu| % |\cap{za\-ka| |\-riy\-yA'a}| |\cap{'l-rAzI}| \arb{\cap{'abU} % \cap{bakriN} \cap{mu\-.ham\-mad-u} bnu \cap{za\-ka\-riy\-yA'a} % \cap{'l-rAzI}} \arb[trans]{\cap{'abU} \cap{bakriN} % \cap{mu\-.ham\-mad-u} bn-u \cap{za\-ka\-riy\-yA'-a} % \cap{'l-rAzI}}. % \end{quote} % % \subsection{Additional note on \texttt{dmg} convention} % \label{sec:additional-note-dmg} % \NEWfeature{v1.3} According to \textcite[6]{dmg}, Arabic % \arb[trans]{'i`rAb} may be rendered into |dmg| in three different % ways: % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item \label{ref:dmg-full-rend}In full: % \NoArbUp\arb[trans]{\cap{`amruNU}}\ArbUpDflt\,; % \item \label{ref:dmg-up-rend}As superscript text: % \arb[trans]{\cap{`amruNU}}\,; % \item Discarded: \arb[trans]{\cap{`amr}}. % \end{compactenum} % \DescribeMacro{\arbup} By default, \package{arabluatex} applies rule % \ref{ref:dmg-up-rend}. Once delimited by a set of Lua functions, % \arb[trans]{'i`rAb} is passed as an argument on to a \cs{arbup} % command which is set to \cs{textsuperscript}. % % \DescribeMacro{\NoArbUp} \DescribeMacro{\ArbUpDflt} \cs{NoArbUp} may % be used either in the preamble or at any point of the document in % case one wishes to apply rule \ref{ref:dmg-full-rend}. The default % rule \ref{ref:dmg-up-rend} can be set back with \cs{ArbUpDflt} at % any point of the document. % % \DescribeMacro{\SetArbUp} Finally, \cs{SetArbUp}\marg{formatting % directives} may be used to customize the way \arb[trans]{'i`rAb} is % displayed. To take one example, here is how Arabic % \arb[trans]{'i`rAb} may be rendered as subscript text:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \SetArbUp{\textsubscript{#1}} Arabic |dmg| transliteration for \arb{ra'aytu ^gAmi`aN muhaddamaTaN mi'_danatu-hu}: \arb[trans]{ra'aytu ^gAmi`aN muhaddamaTaN mi'_danatu-hu.} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % As shown in the above example, |#1| is the token that is replaced % with the actual \arb[trans]{tanwIn} in the formatting directives of % the \cs{SetArbUp} command. % % \paragraph{\arb[trans]{'i`rAb} boundaries} % Every declinable noun (\arb[trans]{mu`rab}) may be declined either % with or without \arb[trans]{tanwIn}, viz. \arb[trans]{mun.sarifuN} % or \arb[trans]{.gayr-u mun.sarifiN}. The former is automatically % parsed by \package{arabluatex}, whereas the latter has to be % delimited with an hyphen, like so:--- % \begin{quote} % \arb[trans]{\textbf{mun.sarif}}: |mu`allimuN| % \arb[voc]{mu`allimuN} \arb[trans]{mu`allimuN}, |kA'inuN| % \arb[voc]{kA'inuN} \arb[trans]{kA'inuN}, |kA'inAtuN| % \arb[voc]{kA'inAtuN} \arb[trans]{kA'inAtuN}, |\cap{`amraNU}| % \arb[voc]{\cap{`amraNU}} \arb[trans]{\cap{`amraNU}}, |fataN_A| % \arb[voc]{fataN_A} \arb[trans]{fataN_A}, |qA.diNI| \arb{qA.diNI} % \arb[trans]{qA.diNI}. % % \arb[trans]{\textbf{.gayr mun.sarif}}: |al-mu`allim-u| % \arb[voc]{al-mu`allim-u} \arb[trans]{al-mu`allim-u}, |kitAb-Ani| % \arb[voc]{kitAb-Ani} \arb[trans]{kitAb-Ani}, |ra^sa'-Ani| % \arb[voc]{ra^sa'-Ani} \arb[trans]{ra^sa'-Ani}, |sAriq-Una| % \arb[voc]{sAriq-Una} \arb[trans]{sAriq-Una}, |qA.d-Una| % \arb[voc]{qA.d-Una} \arb[trans]{qA.d-Una}, |al-.zulm-Atu| % \arb[voc]{al-.zulm-Atu} \arb[trans]{al-.zulm-Atu}. % \end{quote} % % \begin{quoting} % \textsc{Rem.}~\emph{a.} As the \arb[trans]{tanwIn} is passed over % in pronunciation when it is followed by the letters % \arb[novoc]{r}, \arb[novoc]{l}, \arb[novoc]{m}, \arb[novoc]{w}, % \arb[novoc]{y} (see \vref{ref:assimilation}), it may be desirable % to further distinguish it by putting it above the line, but not to % do the same for \arb[trans]{.gayr mun.sarif} terminations. This % can be achieved by simply omitting the hyphen before any % \arb[trans]{.gayr mun.sarif} termination:---\\ % |kAna| |.ganiyyaN| |l_akinna-hu| |labisa| |^gubbaTaN| |mumazzaqaN| % |'aydu-hA| \arb[voc]{kAna .ganiyyaN l_akinna-hu labisa ^gubbaTaN % mumazzaqaN 'aydu-hA} \arb[trans]{kAna .ganiyyaN l_akinna-hu labisa % ^gubbaTaN mumazzaqaN 'aydu-hA}. % % \textsc{Rem.}~\emph{b.} Although the hyphen before the % \arb[trans]{tanwIn} is optional as \package{arabluatex} always % parses nouns with such termination, it may also be used to mark % better the inflectional endings:---\\ % |mana`a| |'l-nAs-a| |kAffaT-aN| |min| |mu_hA.tabati-hi| % |'a.had-uN| |bi-sayyidi-nA| \arb[voc]{mana`a 'l-nAs-a kAffaT-aN % min mu_hA.tabati-hi 'a.had-uN bi-sayyidi-nA} \arb[trans]{mana`a % 'l-nAs-a kAffaT-aN min mu_hA.tabati-hi 'a.had-uN bi-sayyidi-nA}. % \end{quoting} % % \subsection{Examples} % \label{sec:examples-translit} % Here follows in transliteration the story of % \arb[trans]{\cap{ju.hA}} and his donkey (\arb[voc]{\cap{ju.hA % wa-.himAru-hu}}). See the code \vpageref{ref:juha-code}:--- % % \SetTranslitConvention{dmg} % \begin{arab}[trans] % \LR{\textbf{\emph{\enquote*{dmg}} standard}:} 'at_A .sadIquN 'il_A % \cap{ju.hA} ya.tlubu min-hu .himAra-hu li-yarkaba-hu fI safraTiN % qa.sIraTiN fa-qAla la-hu: \enquote{sawfa 'u`Idu-hu 'ilay-ka fI % 'l-masA'-i wa-'adfa`u la-ka 'ujraTaN.} fa-qAla \cap{ju.hA}: % \enquote{'anA 'AsifuN jiddaN 'annI lA 'asta.tI`u 'an 'u.haqqiqa % la-ka ra.gbata-ka fa-'l-.himAr-u laysa hunA 'l-yawm-a.} wa-qabla % 'an yutimma \cap{ju.hA} kalAma-hu bada'a 'l-.himAr-u yanhaqu fI % 'i.s.tabli-hi. fa-qAla la-hu .sadIqu-hu: \enquote{'innI 'asma`u % .himAra-ka yA \cap{ju.hA} yanhaqu.} fa-qAla la-hu \cap{ju.hA}: % \enquote{.garIbuN 'amru-ka yA .sadIqI 'a-tu.saddiqu 'l-.himAr-a % wa-tuka_d_diba-nI?} % \end{arab} % % \SetTranslitConvention{loc} % \begin{arab}[trans] % \LR{\textbf{\emph{\enquote*{loc}} standard}:} 'at_A .sadIquN 'il_A % \cap{ju.hA} ya.tlubu min-hu .himAra-hu li-yarkaba-hu fI safraTiN % qa.sIraTiN fa-qAla la-hu: \enquote{sawfa 'u`Idu-hu 'ilay-ka fI % 'l-masA'-i wa-'adfa`u la-ka 'ujraTaN.} fa-qAla \cap{ju.hA}: % \enquote{'anA 'AsifuN jiddaN 'annI lA 'asta.tI`u 'an 'u.haqqiqa % la-ka ra.gbata-ka fa-'l-.himAr-u laysa hunA 'l-yawm-a.} wa-qabla % 'an yutimma \cap{ju.hA} kalAma-hu bada'a 'l-.himAr-u yanhaqu fI % 'i.s.tabli-hi. fa-qAla la-hu .sadIqu-hu: \enquote{'innI 'asma`u % .himAra-ka yA \cap{ju.hA} yanhaqu.} fa-qAla la-hu \cap{ju.hA}: % \enquote{.garIbuN 'amru-ka yA .sadIqI 'a-tu.saddiqu 'l-.himAr-a % wa-tuka_d_diba-nI?} % \end{arab} % \SetTranslitConvention{dmg} % % \section{Buckwalter input scheme} % \label{sec:buckwalter-scheme} % \NEWfeature{v1.4} Even though \package{arabluatex} is primarily % designed to process the Arab\TeX\ notation, it can also process the % Buckwalter input scheme to a large extent.\footnote{See % \url{http://www.qamus.org/transliteration.htm}} The Buckwalter % scheme is actually processed in two steps, as it is first converted % into Arab\TeX. Then, once this is accomplished, the Arab\TeX\ scheme % is processed through the above described functions. In this way, the % Buckwalter input scheme can make the most of the % \package{arabluatex} special features that are presented in % \vref{sec:options}. % % \DescribeMacro{\SetInputScheme} The input scheme, which is set to % |arabtex| by default, may be changed at any point of the document by % the command \cs{SetInputScheme}\marg{scheme}, where \meta{scheme} % may be either |arabtex| or |buckwalter|. This command is also % accepted in the preamble should one wish to set the input scheme % globally, like so:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluaverbatim} \usepackage{arabluatex} \SetInputScheme{buckwalter} \end{arabluaverbatim} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \paragraph{\enquote*{base}, \enquote*{\texttt{xml}} and % \enquote*{safe} schemes} % \package{arabluatex} can use any of the so-called Buckwalter % \enquote*{base}, \enquote*{\texttt{xml}} or \enquote*{safe} schemes % as they are described in \textcite[25--26]{Habash}.\footnote{I am % grateful to Graeme Andrews who suggested that the \enquote*{safe} % scheme be included in \package{arabluatex}.} However, the following % limitation apply to the \enquote*{base} and \enquote*{\texttt{xml}} % schemes: the braces |{| and |}|, which are used to encode % \arb[novoc]{"a} and \arb[novoc]{y"'}, must be replaced with square % brackets viz. |[| and |]| respectively. % % It is therefore recommended to use the Buckwalter \enquote*{safe} % scheme. % % \Cref{tab:buckwalter-scheme} gives the Buckwalter equivalents that % are currently used by \package{arabluatex}. The additional % characters that are defined in \vref{tab:additional-arabic-codings} % are also available. % \begin{longtable}{lllll} % \captionlistentry{Buckwalter scheme}\\[-1em] % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration\footnotemark} % & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Buckwalter notation} \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & |base/xml| & |safe| \\ \midrule % \endfirsthead % \toprule % Letter & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Transliteration} % & \multicolumn{2}{l}{Buckwalter notation} \\ % & \texttt{dmg} & \texttt{loc} & |base/xml| & |safe| \\ \midrule % \endhead \footnotetext{See \vref{sec:transliteration}.} % \label{tab:buckwalter-scheme} % \arb[novoc]{a} & \dmg{a} & \loc{a} & |A| & |A| \\ % \arb[novoc]{b} & \dmg{b} & \loc{b} & |b| & |b| \\ % \arb[novoc]{t} & \dmg{t} & \loc{t} & |t| & |t| \\ % \arb[novoc]{_t} & \dmg{_t} & \loc{_t} & |v| & |v| \\ % \arb[novoc]{j} & \dmg{j} & \loc{j} & |j| & |j| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.h} & \dmg{.h} & \loc{.h} & |H| & |H| \\ % \arb[novoc]{x} & \dmg{x} & \loc{x} & |x| & |x| \\ % \arb[novoc]{d} & \dmg{d} & \loc{d} & |d| & |d| \\ % \arb[novoc]{_d} & \dmg{_d} & \loc{_d} & |*| & |V| \\ % \arb[novoc]{r} & \dmg{r} & \loc{r} & |r| & |r| \\ % \arb[novoc]{z} & \dmg{z} & \loc{z} & |z| & |z| \\ % \arb[novoc]{s} & \dmg{s} & \loc{s} & |s| & |s| \\ % \arb[novoc]{^s} & \dmg{^s} & \loc{^s} & |$| & |c| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.s} & \dmg{.s} & \loc{.s} & |S| & |S| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.d} & \dmg{.d} & \loc{.d} & |D| & |D| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.t} & \dmg{.t} & \loc{.t} & |T| & |T| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.z} & \dmg{.z} & \loc{.z} & |Z| & |Z| \\ % \arb[novoc]{`} & \dmg{`} & \loc{`} & |E| & |E| \\ % \arb[novoc]{.g} & \dmg{.g} & \loc{.g} & |g| & |g| \\ % \arb[novoc]{f} & \dmg{f} & \loc{f} & |f| & |f| \\ % \arb[novoc]{q} & \dmg{q} & \loc{q} & |q| & |q| \\ % \arb[novoc]{k} & \dmg{k} & \loc{k} & |k| & |k| \\ % \arb[novoc]{l} & \dmg{l} & \loc{l} & |l| & |l| \\ % \arb[novoc]{m} & \dmg{m} & \loc{m} & |m| & |m| \\ % \arb[novoc]{n} & \dmg{n} & \loc{n} & |n| & |n| \\ % \arb[novoc]{h} & \dmg{h} & \loc{h} & |h| & |h| \\ % \arb[novoc]{w} & \dmg{w} & \loc{w} & |w| & |w| \\ % \arb[novoc]{y} & \dmg{y} & \loc{y} & |y| & |y| \\ % \arb[novoc]{Y} & \dmg{Y} & \loc{Y} & |Y| & |Y| \\ % \arb[novoc]{T} & \dmg{aT} & \loc{aT} & |p| & |p| \\ % \midrule % \arb[novoc]{|"'} & \dmg{|"'} & \loc{|"'} & \verb|'| & |C| \\ % \arb[novoc]{A"'} & \dmg{A"'} & \loc{A"'} & \verb+|+ & |M| \\ % \arb[novoc]{a"'} & \dmg{a"'} & \loc{a"'} & \verb|>| & |O| \\ % \arb[novoc]{w"'} & \dmg{w"'} & \loc{w"'} & \verb|&| & |W| \\ % \arb[novoc]{i"'} & \dmg{i"'} & \loc{i"'} & \verb|<| & |I| \\ % \arb[novoc]{y"'} & \dmg{y"'} & \loc{y"'} & \verb|]| & |Q| \\ % \midrule % \arb[novoc]{BB} & --- & --- & \verb|~| & |~| \\ % \arb[novoc]{"a} & ' & ' & |[| & |L| \\ % \midrule % \arb[voc]{Ba} & \dmg{Ba} & \loc{Ba} & \verb|a| & |a| \\ % \arb[voc]{Bu} & \dmg{Bu} & \loc{Bu} & \verb|u| & |u| \\ % \arb[voc]{Bi} & \dmg{Bi} & \loc{Bi} & \verb|i| & |i| \\ % \arb[voc]{BaN} & \dmg{BaN} & \loc{BaN} & \verb|F| & |F| \\ % \arb[voc]{BuN} & \dmg{BuN} & \loc{BuN} & \verb|N| & |N| \\ % \arb[voc]{BiN} & \dmg{BiN} & \loc{BiN} & \verb|K| & |K| \\ % \arb[voc]{B"} & --- & --- & \verb|o| & |o| \\ % \midrule % \arb[novoc]{B_a} & \dmg{B_a} & \loc{B_a} & |`| & |e| \\ % \midrule % \arb[novoc]{--} (\arb[trans]{ta.twIl}) & --- & --- & |_| & |_| \\ % \bottomrule % \caption*{\Cref*{tab:buckwalter-scheme}: Buckwalter scheme} % \end{longtable} % % \paragraph{Transliteration} % The Buckwalter notation can also be transliterated into any accepted % romanization standard of Arabic. See above % \vref{sec:transliteration} for more information. However, it should % be pointed out again that only accurate coding produces accurate % transliteration. It is therefore at the very least highly advisable % to use the hyphen for tying the definite article and the inseparable % particles (viz. prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions) to words, % like so:--- \SetInputScheme{buckwalter} % \begin{quote} % |Al-EaAlamu| \arb{Al-EaAlam-u} \arb[trans]{Al-EaAlam-u}, % |Al-camsu| \arb{Al-cams-u} \arb[trans]{Al-cams-u}, % |bi-SinaAEapi| |Al-T~ib~i|, \arb{bi-SinaAEap-i Al-T~ib~-i} % \arb[trans]{bi-SinaAEap-i Al-T~ib~-i}. % % |wa-Al-l~ehi| \arb{wa-Al-l~eh-i} \arb[trans]{wa-Al-l~eh-i}, % |Al-Hamdu| |li-l~ehi| \arb{Al-Hamd-u li-l~eh-i} % \arb[trans]{Al-Hamd-u li-l~eh-i}. % \end{quote} % \SetInputScheme{arabtex} % % Similary, it is not advisable to use \verb+|+ and |[| % (\enquote*{base} and \enquote*{\texttt{xml}} schemes) or |M| and |L| % (\enquote*{safe} scheme) to encode the \arb[trans]{'alif-u % 'l-mamdUdaT-i} and the \arb[trans]{'alif-u 'l-wa.sl-i} for such % signs are supposed to be generated by \package{arabluatex} internal % functions. Besides, as they do not \emph{per se} convey any % morphological information on what they are derived from, they cannot % be transliterated accurately. To take one example, % % \SetInputScheme{buckwalter}% % |ilY Al-LntiqaADi} as expected, but % only | % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \renewcommand{\footnoterule}% {\hfill\noindent\rule[1mm]{.4\textwidth}{.15mm}} \begin{arab} 'inna 'abI kAna mina 'l-muqAtilaT-i\footnote{al-muqAtilaT-i: al-muqAtil-Ina.}, wa-kAnat 'ummI min `u.zamA'-i buyUt-i 'l-zamAzimaT-i\footnote{al-zamAzimaT-u: .tA'ifaT-u mina 'l-furs-i.}. \end{arab} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % Some commands, however, do not expect running text in their % arguments, or one may wish to insert English text eg. in footnotes % or in marginal notes. \package{arabluatex} provides a set of % commands to handle such cases. % % \DescribeMacro{\LR} \cs{LR}\marg{arg} is designed to typeset its % argument from left to right. It may be used in an Arabic % environment, either \cs{arb}\marg{Arabic text} or \cs{begin}|{arab}| % \meta{Arabic text} \cs{end}|{arab}|, for short insertions of % left-to-right text, or to insert any \LaTeX\ command that would % otherwise be rejected by \package{arabluatex}, such as commands the % argument of which is expected to be a dimension or a unit of % measurement. % % \DescribeMacro{\RL} \cs{RL}\marg{arg} does the same as % \cs{LR}\marg{arg}, but typesets its argument from right to left. Even % in an Arabic environment, this command may be useful. % % For example, to distinguish words with a different color, one may % proceed like so:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \begin{arab} _tumma "intalaqa _dU 'l-qarn-ayni 'il_A 'ummaT-iN 'u_hr_A fI \LR{\textcolor{red}{\arb[fullvoc]{((ma.tli`-i 'l-^sams-i))}}} wa-lA binA'-a la-hum yu'amminu-hum mina 'l-^sams-i. \end{arab} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \DescribeMacro{\LRfootnote} \DescribeMacro{\RLfootnote} % \cs{LRfootnote}\marg{text} and \cs{RLfootnote}\marg{text} typeset % left-to-right and right-to-left footnotes respectively in Arabic % environments. Unlike \cs{footnote}\marg{text}, the arguments of both % \cs{LRfootnote} and \cs{RLfootnote} are not expected to be Arabic % text. For example, \cs{LRfootnote} may be used to insert English % footnotes in running Arabic text:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \arb[fullvoc]{\cap{z}ayd-uN\LRfootnote{% \enquote{\arb[trans]{\cap{z}ayd} is the son of \arb[trans]{\cap{`a}mr}}: the second noun is not in apposition to the first, but forms part of the predicate\ldots} "ibn-u \cap{`a}mr-iNU} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % When footnotes are typeset from right to left, it may happen that % the numbers of the footnotes that are at the bottom of the page be % typeset in the wrong direction. For example, instead of an expected % number 18, one may get 81. \package{arabluatex} is not responsible % for that, but should it happen, it may be necessary to redefine in % the preamble the \LaTeX\ macro \cs{thefootnote} like so:---\\ % \arabluaverb{\renewcommand*{\thefootnote}{\textsuperscript{\LR{\arabic{footnote}}}}} % \DescribeMacro{\FixArbFtnmk} Another solution is to put in the % preamble, below the line that loads \package{arabluatex}, the % command \cs{FixArbFtnmk}. However, for more control over the layout % of footnotes marks, it is advisable to use the package % \package{scrextend}.\footnote{See % \url{http://ctan.org/pkg/koma-script}; read the documentation of % \package{KOMA-script} for details about the \cs{deffootnotemark} and % \cs{deffootnote} commands.} % % \DescribeMacro{\LRmarginpar} The command \cs{LRmarginpar} does for % marginal notes the same as \cs{LRfootnote} does for footnotes. Of % course, it is supposed to be used in Arabic environments. Note that % \cs{marginpar} also works in Arabic environments, but it acts as any % other single-argument command inserted in Arabic environments. The % general principle laid \vpageref{ref:cmd-inside-arabic} applies. % % \DescribeMacro{\setRL} \DescribeMacro{\setLR} \cs{setRL} and % \cs{setLR} may be used to change the direction of paragraphs, either % form left to right or from right to left. As an example, an % easy way to typeset a right-to-left sectional title follows:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \setRL \section*{\arb{barzawayhi li-buzurjumihra bn-i 'l-buxtikAni}} \setLR \begin{arab} qAla barzawayhi bn-u 'azhar-a, ra's-u 'a.tibbA'-i fAris-a... \end{arab} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \subsection{\package{csquotes}} % \label{sec:csquotes} % The recommended way of inserting quotation marks in running Arabic % text is to use \package{csquotes}. With the help of the % \cs{DeclareQuoteStyle} command, one can define an Arabic style, like % so:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluaverbatim} \usepackage{csquotes} \DeclareQuoteStyle{arabic} {\rmfamily\textquotedblright}{\rmfamily\textquotedblleft} {\rmfamily\textquoteright}{\rmfamily\textquoteleft} \end{arabluaverbatim} % \iffalse % % \fi % Then, use this newly defined style with \cs{setquotestyle}, like so:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluacode} \setquotestyle{arabic} \begin{arab} fa-qAla la-hu ju.hA: \enquote{.garIb-uN 'amru-ka yA .sadIqI 'a-tu.saddiqu 'l-.himAr-a wa-tuka_d_diba-nI?} \end{arab} \setquotestyle{english} \end{arabluacode} % \iffalse % % \fi % \begin{quoting} % \textsc{Rem.} Do not forget to set back the quoting style to its % initial state once the Arabic environment is closed. See the last % line in the code above. % \end{quoting} % % \subsection{\package{reledmac}} % \label{sec:reledmac} % The two-arguments command \cs{edtext}\marg{lemma}\marg{commands} is % supported inside \cs{begin}|{arab}| \ldots\ \cs{end}|{arab}|. As an % example, one may get \package{arabluatex} and \package{reledmac} to % work together like so:--- % \iffalse %<*example> % \fi \begin{arabluaverbatim} \beginnumbering \pstart \begin{arab} wa-ya.sIru ta.hta 'l-jild-i \edtext{\arb{.sadId-uN}}{\Afootnote{M: \arb{.sadId-aN} E1}} \end{arab} \pend \endnumbering \end{arabluaverbatim} % \iffalse % % \fi % % \section{Future work} % \label{sec:future-work} % A short, uncommented, list of what is planned in the versions of % \package{arabluatex} to come follows: % \begin{compactenum}[(a)] % \item Short-term: % \begin{compactenum}[i.] % \item Support for typesetting Arabic poetry. % \item The \arb[trans]{\cap{qur'An}}: support for typesetting the % \arb[trans]{\cap{Qur'An}}. % \item \texttt{TEI xml} support: \package{arabluatex} will % interoperate with \texttt{TEI xml} through new global and local % options that will output Arabic in a \texttt{TEI xml} compliant % file in addition to the usual PDF output: see % \vpageref{ref:tei-to-come}. % \end{compactenum} % \item Medium-term: % \begin{compactenum}[i.] % \item More languages: the list of supported languages will % eventually be the same as \package{arabtex}: see % \vref{fn:arabtex-languages}. % \item Formulate propositions for extending the Arab\TeX\ notation % and the transliteration tables. Include them in % \package{arabluatex}. See \vref{sec:additional-characters}. % \end{compactenum} % \end{compactenum} % % \StopEventually{} % % \section{Implementation} % % \iffalse %<*package> % \fi % % The most important part of \package{arabluatex} relies on Lua % functions and tables. Read the |.lua| files that accompany % \package{arabluatex} for more information. % \begin{macrocode} \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} \ProvidesPackage{arabluatex}% [2016/07/09 v1.4.1 ArabTeX-like interface for LuaLaTeX] \RequirePackage{ifluatex} % \end{macrocode} % \package{arabluatex} requires \LuaLaTeX\ of course. Issue a warning % if the document is processed with another engine. % \begin{macrocode} \ifluatex\else \PackageError{arabluatex}{lualatex needed}{% Package `arabluatex' needs LuaTeX.\MessageBreak So you should use `lualatex' to process your document.\MessageBreak See documentation of `arabluatex' for further information.}% \expandafter\expandafter\expandafter\csname endinput\endcsname \fi % \end{macrocode} % Declare the global options, and define them: % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareOption{voc}{\def\al@mode{voc}} \DeclareOption{fullvoc}{\def\al@mode{fullvoc}} \DeclareOption{novoc}{\def\al@mode{novoc}} \DeclareOption{trans}{\def\al@mode{trans}} \ExecuteOptions{voc} \ProcessOptions\relax \def\al@mode@voc{voc} \def\al@mode@fullvoc{fullvoc} \def\al@mode@novoc{novoc} \def\al@mode@trans{trans} % \end{macrocode} % The following line will be used in the next release of % \package{arabluatex}: % \begin{macrocode} % \newif\ifal@mode@defined % \end{macrocode} % Packages that are required by \package{arabluatex}: % \begin{macrocode} \RequirePackage{fontspec} \RequirePackage{amsmath} \RequirePackage{etoolbox} \RequirePackage{luacode} \RequirePackage{xparse} \RequirePackage{environ} % \end{macrocode} % Here begins the real work: load |arabluatex.lua|: % \begin{macrocode} \luadirect{dofile(kpse.find_file("arabluatex.lua"))} % \end{macrocode} % This is needed by the current versions of \package{polyglossia} and % \package{luabidi}. \package{luabidi} provides a \cs{Footnote} % command. Use it as well if it is loaded. % \begin{macrocode} \luadirect{tex.enableprimitives("luatex",tex.extraprimitives("omega"))} % \end{macrocode} % Font setup. If no Arabic font is selected, issue a warning message % and attempt to load the Amiri font which is included in \TeX{}live: % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{\ifdefined\arabicfont\relax\else \PackageWarning{arabluatex}{\string\arabicfont\ is not defined.^^JI will try to load Amiri}% \newfontfamily\arabicfont[Script=Arabic]{Amiri}\fi}% % \end{macrocode} % \begin{macro}{\setRL} % This neutralizes what is defined by the same command in % \package{luabidi}: % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{\def\setRL{\pardir TRT\textdir TRT}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\setLR} % The same applies to \cs{setLR}: % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{\def\setLR{\pardir TLT\textdir TLT}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\LR} This command typesets its argument from left to % right. As \cs{LR} may be already defined, we need to redefine for % it to suit our purpose: % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{\ifdef{\LR}% {\RenewDocumentCommand{\LR}{m}{\bgroup\textdir TLT\rmfamily#1\egroup}} {\NewDocumentCommand{\LR}{m}{\bgroup\textdir TLT\rmfamily#1\egroup}}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\RL} This one typesets its argument from right to % left. Same remark as above regarding the need of redefinition. % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{\ifdef{\RL}% {\RenewDocumentCommand{\RL}{m}{\bgroup\textdir TRT\rmfamily#1\egroup}} {\NewDocumentCommand{\RL}{m}{\bgroup\textdir TRT#1\rmfamily\egroup}}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\aemph} Arabic emphasis. Needs to be redefined as well. % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{\ifdef{\aemph}% {\RenewDocumentCommand{\aemph}{m}{$\overline{\text{#1}}$}} {\NewDocumentCommand{\aemph}{m}{$\overline{\text{#1}}$}}} % \end{macrocode} % \begin{macro}{\SetInputScheme} % \changes{v1.4}{2016/07/05}{\cs{SetInputScheme} may be used to % process other input schemes such as \enquote*{Buckwalter}} % \package{arabluatex} is designed for processing Arab\TeX\ input % notation. \cs{SetInputScheme} may be used in the preamble or at % any point of the document should the user wish to use a different % notation such as the \enquote*{Buckwalter scheme}. % \begin{macrocode} \def\al@input@scheme{arabtex} \NewDocumentCommand{\SetInputScheme}{m}{\def\al@input@scheme{#1}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\SetArbEasy} % \changes{v1.2}{2016/05/09}{New \cs{SetArbEasy}/\cs{SetArbDflt} for % \enquote*{modern} or \enquote*{classic} Arabic styles.} % \begin{macro}{\SetArbDflt} % By default, \package{arabluatex} applies complex rules to generate % euphonic \arb[trans]{ta^sdId}, \arb[trans]{'alif mamdUdaT} and % \arb[trans]{sukUn} depending on the modes which are selected, % either |voc|, |fullvoc| or |trans|. Such refinements can be % discarded with \cs{SetArbEasy}, either globally in the preamble or % at any point of the document. Default complex rules can be set % back at any point of the document with \cs{SetArbDflt}. % \begin{macrocode} \def\al@arb@rules{dflt} \NewDocumentCommand{\SetArbEasy}{}{\def\al@arb@rules{easy}} \NewDocumentCommand{\SetArbDflt}{}{\def\al@arb@rules{dflt}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\SetTranslitFont} % \changes{v1.4}{2016/07/05}{For selecting a specific font for % transliterated texts} By default, the font that is used for % transliterated text is the main font of the document. Any other % font may also be selected with the font-selecting commands of the % \package{fontspec} package. % \begin{macrocode} \def\al@trans@font{\rmfamily}% \NewDocumentCommand{\SetTranslitFont}{m}{\def\al@trans@font{#1}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\SetTranslitStyle} By default any transliterated % Arabic text is printed in italics. This can be changed either % globally in the preamble or at any point of the document: % \begin{macrocode} \def\al@trans@style{\itshape}% \NewDocumentCommand{\SetTranslitStyle}{m}{\def\al@trans@style{#1}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\SetTranslitConvention} % \cs{SetTranslitConvention}\marg{convention} may be used to change % the transliteration convention, which is |dmg| by default: % \begin{macrocode} \def\al@trans@convention{dmg} \NewDocumentCommand{\SetTranslitConvention}{m}{\def\al@trans@convention{#1}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\arbup} % \changes{v1.3}{2016/05/28}{\arb[trans]{'i`rAb} is now written as % superscript text in \texttt{dmg} mode by default.} % \begin{macro}{\NoArbUp} % \begin{macro}{\ArbUpDflt} % \begin{macro}{\SetArbUp} % By default, \cs{arbup} is set to \cs{textsuperscript}. This is how % the \arb[trans]{tanwIn} that takes place at the end of a word % should be displayed in |dmg| mode. \cs{NoArbUp} may be used % either in the preamble or at any point of the document in case one % wishes to have the \arb[trans]{tanwIn} on the line. The default % rule can be set back with \cs{ArbUpDflt} at any point of the % document. Finally \cs{SetArbUp} may be used to customize the way % \arb[trans]{tanwIn} is displayed: this command takes the % formatting directives as argument, like so: % \cs{SetArbUp}\marg{code}. % \begin{macrocode} \NewDocumentCommand{\al@arbup@dflt}{m}{\textsuperscript{#1}}% \NewDocumentCommand{\al@arbup}{m}{\al@arbup@dflt{#1}} \NewDocumentCommand{\arbup}{m}{\al@arbup{#1}} \NewDocumentCommand{\ArbUpDflt}{}{\let\al@arbup=\al@arbup@dflt} \NewDocumentCommand{\NoArbUp}{}{\RenewDocumentCommand{\al@arbup}{m}{##1}} \NewDocumentCommand{\SetArbUp}{m}{\RenewDocumentCommand{\al@arbup}{m}{#1}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\cap} Proper Arabic names or book titles should be % passed to the command \cs{cap} so that they have their first letters % uppercased. \cs{cap} is actually coded in Lua. % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\cap}{m}% {\luadirect{tex.sprint(cap(\luastringN{#1}))}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\txarb} \cs{txarb} sets the direction to right-to-left % and selects the Arabic font. As it is supposed to be used % internally by several Lua functions, this command is not % documented, but available to the user should he wish to insert % |utf8| Arabic text in his document. % \begin{macro}{\txtrans} \cs{txtrans} is used internally by several % Lua functions to insert transliterated Arabic text. % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\txarb}{+m}{\bgroup\textdir TRT\arabicfont#1\egroup} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\txtrans}{+m}{\bgroup\textdir TLT\al@trans@font#1\egroup} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\arb} % The \cs{arb} command detects which Arabic mode is to be used, % either globally if no option is set, or locally, then passes its % argument to the appropriate Lua function. % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\arb}{O{\al@mode} +m}% {\edef\@tempa{#1}% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@voc% \bgroup\textdir TRT\arabicfont% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processvoc(\luastringN{#2}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@fullvoc% \bgroup\textdir TRT\arabicfont% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processfullvoc(\luastringN{#2}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@novoc% \bgroup\textdir TRT\arabicfont% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processnovoc(\luastringN{#2}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@trans% \bgroup\textdir TLT\al@trans@style% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processtrans(\luastringN{#2}, \luastringO{\al@trans@convention}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else% \fi\fi\fi\fi} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{environment}{arab} % The |arab| environment does for paragraphs the same as \cs{arb} does % for short insertions of Arabic text. % \begin{macrocode} \NewEnviron{arab}[1][\al@mode]% {\par\edef\@tempa{#1}% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@voc% \bgroup\pardir TRT\textdir TRT\arabicfont% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processvoc(\luastringO{\BODY}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@fullvoc% \bgroup\pardir TRT\textdir TRT\arabicfont% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processfullvoc(\luastringO{\BODY}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else% \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@novoc% \bgroup\pardir TRT\textdir TRT\arabicfont% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processnovoc(\luastringO{\BODY}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else \ifx\@tempa\al@mode@trans% \bgroup\pardir TLT\textdir TLT\al@trans@style% \luadirect{tex.sprint(processtrans(\luastringO{\BODY}, \luastringO{\al@trans@convention}, \luastringO{\al@arb@rules}, \luastringO{\al@input@scheme}))}\egroup% \else \fi\fi\fi\fi}[\par] % \end{macrocode} % \end{environment} % \begin{macro}{\abjad} \cs{abjad}\marg{number} expresses its argument % in Arabic letters in accordance with the \arb[trans]{'abjad} % arrangement of the alphabet. \meta{number} must be between 1 and % 1999. It is now coded in Lua so that \package{polyglossia} is no % longer needed. See |arabluatex.lua| for more information. % \changes{v1.1}{2016/04/26}{New and more flexible \protect\cs{abjad} % command.} % \begin{macrocode} \AtBeginDocument{% \ifdefined\abjad% \RenewDocumentCommand{\abjad}{m}% {\luadirect{tex.sprint(abjadify(#1))}}% \else% \NewDocumentCommand{\abjad}{m}% {\luadirect{tex.sprint(abjadify(#1))}} \fi} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\LRmarginpar} \cs{LRmarginpar} is supposed to be % inserted in an Arabic environment. It typsets his argument in a % marginal note from left to right. % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\LRmarginpar}{m}{\marginpar{\textdir TLT #1}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\LRfootnote} \cs{LRfootnote} and \cs{RLfootnote} are % supposed to be used in Arabic environments for insertions of non % Arabic text. \cs{LRfootnote} typesets its argument left-to-right\ldots % \begin{macro}{\RLfootnote} while \cs{RLfootnote} typesets its % argument left-to-right. % \begin{macrocode} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\LRfootnote}{m}{\bgroup\pardir TLT\LR{\footnote{#1}}\egroup} \DeclareDocumentCommand{\RLfootnote}{m}{\bgroup\pardir TRT\LR{\footnote{#1}}\egroup} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % \end{macro} % \begin{macro}{\FixArbFtnmk} In the preamble, just below % \cs{usepackage}|{arabluatex}|, \cs{FixArbFtnmk} may be of some % help in case the footnote numbers at the bottom of the page are % printed in the wrong direction. This quick fix uses and loads % \package{scrextend} if it is not already loaded. % \begin{macrocode} \NewDocumentCommand{\FixArbFtnmk}{}{% \@ifpackageloaded{scrextend}% {\AtBeginDocument{\deffootnote{2em}{1.6em}{\LR{\thefootnotemark}.\enskip}}}% {\RequirePackage{scrextend} \AtBeginDocument{\deffootnote{2em}{1.6em}{\LR{\thefootnotemark}.\enskip}}}} % \end{macrocode} % \end{macro} % That is it. Say goodbye before leaving. % \begin{macrocode} \endinput % \end{macrocode} % % \printbibliography[heading=bibintoc] % % \iffalse % % \fi % % \Finale \endinput